CH 8 Memory (TERMS)

Question 1

Encoding (1,1)

Answer 1

Translation of the physical stimulation into a cognitive code that is used by the memory system (usually requires conscious attention)

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

Maintenance of cognitive codes in memory over time

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

Recovery of cognitive codes from memory (remembering)

Question 4

Free-recall task

Answer 4

Report as many items from a list of words in any order (that have been rehearsed aloud)

Question 5

Serial-position effect

Answer 5

Consistent curve (U-shaped) for list recall

Question 6

Primacy effect

Answer 6

Items near the beginning of the list recalled better than other items (long-term)

Question 7

Recency effect

Answer 7

Items near the end of the list are recalled better than other items (short-term)

Question 8

Sensory memory (+ Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, Forgetting)

Answer 8

Temporary storage of perceptual input for initial memory encoding

1. Encoding: Modality specific
2. Storage: High capacity, Short duration depending on modality (0.5-4 seconds)
3. Retrieval: Attentional
4. Forgetting: Decay/interference

Question 9

Working / Short-term memory (+ Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, Forgetting)

Answer 9

Current processing and manipulation of cognitive codes (conscious processing)

1. Encoding: Phonological, visual, spatial storage
2. Storage: 5-9 items, less than 30 seconds without rehearsal
3. Retrieval: Elaborative rehearsal
4. Forgetting: Interference and decay

Question 10

Long-term memory (+ Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, Forgetting)

Answer 10

1. Encoding: Several forms
2. Storage: Episodic, Semantic, Procedural; Unlimited capacity, Permanent duration
3. Retrieval: Reconstructive
4. Forgetting: Retrieval failure

Question 11

Iconic memory

Answer 11

Vision

Question 12

Echoic memory

Answer 12

Auditory

Question 13

Whole report (WR)

Answer 13

Experiment that showed how long memories last in your central memory system (iconic) which we don’t have conscious access to

1. People were told to fixate on a point, letters would flash for 15 milliseconds that would be followed by a blank screen. They would then hear a tone
2. People could recall 3-4 letters but claimed they remembered more letters than they did

Question 14

Partial Report (PR)

Answer 14

Part 2 of WR

1. Experiment changed so different pitches of tone would indicate which row of letters participants should memorize (remembered 70-76% of material)
2. Bad report because participants had already forgotten the letters after hearing the tone
3. Concluded information lasted for 0.5 seconds

Question 15

Articulatory/Phonological Loop

Answer 15

Rehearsal based on neural mechanism