Final Exam (IMPORTANT)

Question 1

What are 5 steps in a scientific investigation?

Answer 1

1. Formulate a hypothesis
2. Design the study
3. Collect the data
4. Analyze data to evaluate, hypothesis
5. Communicate the results
   - Evaluation, replication

Question 1

Independent Variable (IV)

Answer 1

Manipulated by experiment

• Causes DV

Question 2

Dependent Variable (DV)

Answer 2

Measured by experimenter

• Caused by IV

Question 3

Name an advantage and a disadvantage of using an experiment

Answer 3

• A: Strict control of variables offers researchers the opportunity to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships
• D: Artificiality of lab setting may influence subject’s behaviour

   - Unexpected and uncontrolled variables may confound results 
  
   - Many variables cannot be controlled and manipulated

Question 4

What are 3 measures of central tendency?

Answer 4

1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode

Question 4

Central Tendency

Answer 4

Representative scores

Question 5

Mean

Answer 5

Arithmetic average

Question 6

Median

Answer 6

Middle value of scores

Question 7

Mode

Answer 7

Most frequent score

Question 8

Name 4 Lobes of the Brain

Answer 8

1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal lobe
4. Occipital lobe

Question 9

Name the 2 areas of the brain associated with speech production and comprehension

Answer 9

1. Wernicke’s area: Speech comprehension
2. Broca’s area: Speech production

Question 10

After visual information is integrated in the Occipital Lobes, which 2 pathways are used to further process the visual information?

Answer 10

1. Second level parietal:

Where is it?

• Information about movement and magnocellular

2. Second level temporal:

What is it?

• Information about colour, form, and parvocellular

Question 11

Bottom-up or data-driven processing

Answer 11

Analysis and integration of basic features into a perceptual unit (features ⇨ object)

Question 12

Top-down or conceptually driven processing

Answer 12

The use of context in order to guide perception

Question 13

Name 2 theories of hypnosis

Answer 13

1. Divided consciousness theory
2. Social influence theory

Question 14

Divided Consciousness Theory

Answer 14

• Hypnosis

Hypnosis has caused split awareness

Question 15

Social Influence Theory

Answer 15

• Hypnosis

People in hypnotic states are not in a distinct altered state of consciousness, but rather they are fulfilling a social role of a “good hypnotized subject” by conforming to expectations

Question 16

Reinforcement

Answer 16

Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make the same response in the presence of the stimulus in the future

Question 17

Punishment

Answer 17

Occurs when an event following a response decreases an organism’s tendency to make the same response in the presence of the stimulus in the future

Question 18

Variable Ratio (3)

Answer 18

• High rate of responding
• No pause after reinforcement
• High resistance to extinction

Question 19

Name two schedules of reinforcement that are highly resistant to extinction

Answer 19

1. Variable ratio
2. Variable Interval

Question 20

Variable Interval (3)

Answer 20

• Steady moderate rate
• No pause
• High resistance to extinction

Question 21

What are 3 crucial processing stages required in order for memory retrieval to occur?

Answer 21

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 22

Encoding (1, Types: 3)

Answer 22

Code and put into memory

Types

• Acoustic
• Visual
• Semantic

Question 23

Storage (1, Types: 3)

Answer 23

Maintain in memory **_Types_** - Episodic - Procedural - Semantic

Question 24

Retrieval (1, Types: 2)

Answer 24

Recovery from memory **_Types_** - Recall - Recognition

Question 25

Which effect obtained during a free recall task provides evidence for both long-term and short-term memory systems?

Answer 25

**_Serial Position effect_** - Primacy effect - Recency effect

Question 26

Primacy effect

Answer 26

- Serial Position Effect Items at the beginning of a list are more easily remembered due to better rehearsal and longer time for them to be stored in long-term memory

Question 27

Recency Effect

Answer 27

- Serial Position Effect Items at the end of a list are also well-remembered because they are still readily available in short-term memory when recall is requested

Question 28

How did Peterson and Peterson (1959) measure the duration of Working Memory? (4 steps, Result, Conclusion)

Answer 28

1. **Warning**: Green light (trial begin) 2. **Stimulus Presentation**: Speaker names 3 letters (CJL) and 3 numbers 3. **Retrieval Interval**: Subjects count backwards by threes for intervals of 3-18 seconds 4. **Recall signal and report**: (Red light) Recall letters **_Result_**: Participants would only recall the letters CJL **_Conclusion_**: Their results showed that the longer each student had to count backwards, the less they were able to accurately recall the trigram

Question 29

What is the “7 + 2” limitation of working memory? How do we overcome it?

Answer 29

- The **capacity** of working memory is limited to **7+/- 2** slots of unrelated items - Chunking

Question 30

Chunking (1,2)

Answer 30

Combining information into meaningful units occupying only one slot - Method to overcome working memory's **7 +/- 2** capacity - The greater the semantic or rule integration with LTM the larger the chunks

Question 31

3 theories of motivation

Answer 31

1. Drive Reduction Theory 2. Optimum-level theory 3. Incentive theories

Question 32

Drive Reduction Theory (1,1)

Answer 32

- Motivation theory Needs produce a state of tension called a drive

Question 33

Optimum-level theory (1,1)

Answer 33

- Motivation theory Behaviour directed to restore level of arousal to an optimal level

Question 34

Incentive theories (1,1)

Answer 34

- Motivation theory External stimuli regulate motivational states

Question 35

Do humans respond to pheromones?

Answer 35

Humans may respond to some pheromones, but not related to sex drive **_ex_**. Ovulatory synchronization

Question 36

Pheromones

Answer 36

Chemicals secrete by one animal that affects the behaviour of another

Question 37

Which 2 neural structures have been associated with male homosexuality?

Answer 37

1. **_Anterior hypothalamus_**: Reduced size in gay men 2. **_Suprachiasmatic nucleus_** (hypothalamus): Elongated in gay men

Question 38

What are the multiple-components of Memory? (structure) (3,1)

Answer 38

(Environmental input) 1. Sensory Memory Attention: 2. Short-term Memory (Rehearsal) Consolidation: 3. Long-Term memory (Retrieval brought to STM) - Any information that isn't Attended, Rehearsed, or Consolidated is forgotten

Question 39

What Are The Components of Long Term Memory? (2,3)

Answer 39

1. **_Explicit memory_** - Semantic memory - Episodic memory 2. **_Implicit memory_** - Procedural memory