CH. 9

Question 1

what are the 3 major components of stress?

Answer 1

1. homeostasis
2. stress response
3. adaptation to stress

Question 2

define:
homeostasis
allostasis

Answer 2

HOMEOSTASIS
- body requires consistent to maintain changes during internal and external environments.
- achieved through many neuroendocrine control system.

ALLOSTASIS
- the process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis.
- it can also affect someones ability to respond to stressors.

Question 3

1-4. what is Selye generational adaptation system in the four phases?

5. how do we respond to stressors?

Answer 3

1. ALARM PHASE
   - initial phase of training when the stimulus is first recognized and performance generally decreases in response to fatigue.
2. RESISTANCE PHASE
   - adaptations occur and the system is returned back to baseline or elevated above baseline.
3. SUPERCOMPENSATION PHASE
   - new level of training capability, in response to adaptation of step 2.
4. OVER TRAINING PHASE
   - a result if stressors are to high and performance is suppressed resulting in regression.
5. age, lifestyle, influences how we respond to stressors.

Question 4

1. within our body what systems are effected in a neuroendocrine response to stress?
2. what do each of them do?

Answer 4

1
- lambic system
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- cerebral cortex
- anterior pituitary gland
- locus ceruleus
- reticular activating system

2.
LIMBIC SYSTEM
- communication with thalamus, reticular activating system, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland. and limbic system.
+ fear and anger response.

THALAMUS
- relay center from cerebral cortex

HYPOTHALAMUS
- coordinate response from ANS and endocrine system.

CEREBRAL CORTEX
- cognition and focused attention
- communication

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
- plays a role in the release of stress hormone, cortisol.
LOCUS CERUSEUS
- brainstem that produces norepinephrine

RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
- modulate mental awareness and muscle tone via ANS

Question 5

what is stimulated or inhibited during SNS, flight or fight response

Answer 5

• rapid response to trauma or emergency
• epinephrine or norepinephrine are released.
• bind to adrenergic receptor of cells.
• increase blood pressure
• decreased Blood flow to skin, guts, kidneys, Skin becomes pale, Urine production, GI activity

Question 6

1. the hypothalamus secretes which hormone to the anterior pituitary?
2. what affects can be affected by the release of cortisol stress hormone?

Answer 6

1. cortisol release hormone / faction
   (CRH/ CHF)
2. • Alters glucose, fat, protein metabolism

• Suppresses inflammatory and immune responses

Question 7

what are RAAS and ADH pathway activation ?

Answer 7

RAAS
- increased by SNS activation, decreased renal blood flow.
- produces angiotensin II, strong vasoconstriction.
- stimulate adrenal cortex
- aldosterone released.

ADH
- vasopressin involved in stress response.
- causes vasoconstriction
- renal H2O retention
- may increase capacity of CRF to stimulate ACTH release

Question 8

NOTES
* stress and neuroendocrine share neuro pathways

• chronic stress normally is immune suppressive

Question 9

what are the general effects of chronic stress?

Answer 9

– increase release of multiple inflammatory mediators

– decrease thymus activity & size (atrophy)

– decrease lymphocyte function

– Changes in the kind of immune cells produced (eg. T/B lymphocyte subpopulations)

Question 10

what factors would influence someones ability to adapt to stress?

Answer 10

• hardiness
• nutrition
• genetic endowment and age
• psychosocial factors
• sleep-wake cycles
• physiological reserve
• rapidity with which need for adaptation occurs.

Question 11

what is genetic endowment and age?

Answer 11

• certain genes on how we respond to stress.
• a glucose receptor gene that controls the body response to cortico. influence can develop disorder like PTSD, depression.

Question 12

what is PTSD?

Answer 12

• SNS increases
• cortisol levels decrease
• it is caused by enhanced negative feedback inhibition of cortisol release, as well as a genetic factor and enviorment factors.
• as a result amygdala and hippocampus structure and function are altered. (fear response and memory)
• normally also occurs when a major traumatic event happens.

Question 13

what can someone do for treatment who has PTSD?

Answer 13

• PMR techniques
• Guided imagery
• Music therapy
• Massage therapy
• Biofeedback
• Physical activity

Question 14

1. Why does cortisol production result in increased blood
   glucose levels?

Answer 14

1. Glucose provides energy.