ch.13 id list

Question 1

Born in Saxon Germany and Wrote the 95 theses, which all state corruption in the Catholic church. Believed that salvation is achieved by faith alone and that the bible is the only valid authority for christian life. Only believed in communion and baptism not the seven sacraments

Answer 1

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Question 2

A document issued by the Catholic church lessening penance or time in purgatory for you or a relative, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins. It started as normal, with just confessing to a priest helping you to go to heaven but changed as the church became corrupt.

Answer 2

Indulgence

Question 3

A dominical friar who worked for the church and claimed that buying indulgences would bring forgiveness for your sins or release a loved one from purgatory.”As soon as coin in coffer rings, a soul in purgatory springs”

Answer 3

Johann Tetzel

Question 4

a set of statements written by Martin Luther in 1517 criticizing the Catholic church’s sale of indulgences and calling for reform, helped launch the protestant reformation

Answer 4

“95 Thesis”

Question 5

a 1520 treatise by Martin Luther that outlines the doctrine of justification by faith alone, teaching that christians are freed from law through faith but should willingly do good works and serve other

Answer 5

On Christian Liberty

Question 6

an imperial meeting where Martin Luther was ordered to recant his criticism of the Catholic church, when he refused he was declared an outlaw, but his ideas still spread and fueled the protestant religion. He was protected by noble princes who believed in his ideas and he continued to print his work and the bible in the vernacular.

Answer 6

Diet of Worms (1521)

Question 7

WORK HERE

Answer 7

Ulrich Zwingli

Question 8

sixteenth century protestants who insisted that only adult baptists conformed to the scripture. Protestant and Catholic leaders condemned anabaptists as radicals who wanted complete separation of church and state.

Answer 8

“Anabaptists

Question 9

Peasants saw how Luther was standing up against the Catholic church and nobles had begun to seize lands and increased rent. So the peasants revolted, Luther originally supported this but then did not support this because he believed that Christians should obey their rulers even if they are unjust, and that rebellion would end civilized human society. Nobles won and this strengthened the authority of the German noble and Lutheranism became associated with political control of German nobility(more popular with nobility). Around 75,000 peasants died too.

Answer 9

German Peasants’ Revolt of 1525

Question 10

Holy Roman emperor and King of Spain in the early 16th century. Tried to preserve Catholic unity but faced problems with the protestant reformation. Was married to Isabella of Portuguese. Eventually be abdicated and his son Phillip ll took over

Answer 10

Charles V (1519-1556)

Question 11

This treaty ended the civil war between Catholics and gave each German prince the right to choose the religion of their kingdom. This only recognized Catholicism or Lutheranism, not Calvinism.

Answer 11

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Question 12

Henry wanted a divorce from his wife because she would not have a male son, but the Pope said no, so parliament passed what act of Supremacy which made Henry the head of the Catholic church(Anglican Church). The pope no longer held the power, but Henry Vll controlled political and religious things. He dissolved monasteries and seized their land, and many catholic practices remain the same while the bible was translated to english.

Answer 12

The English Reformation (led by Henry VIII)

Question 13

The Anglican Church’s official service book, it standardized worship in English and reflected Protestant beliefs, becoming central to Anglican practice.

Answer 13

The Book of Common Prayer

Question 14

”Bloody Mary”,The catholic queen of England who tried to restore Catholicism and persecuted protestants. She restored papal authority and Catholic practices in the Church of England. Married Phillip ll of Spain and ordered[ many protestant leaders to be executed.

Answer 14

Mary Tudor (r. 1547-1553)

Question 15

Before becoming queen she and Mary the queen of Scots competed for the crown, but Elizabeth had her assassinated. She was a protestant queen who stabilized England, defeated the spanish armada(one of the main reasons it happened was bc she killed Mary of scots)

Answer 15

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

Question 16

the fleet sent by Phillip ll of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against protestantism. Was defeated by the English Fleet. Sent because Phillip ll of Spain wanted to restore Catholicism in England and was upset that his cousin, Mary of Scots was executed by Elizabeth l, marked the decline of Spain as it became a second tier power.

Answer 16

The Spanish Armada (1588)

Question 17

French reformer born in 1509 that is known for developing Calvinism. This religion believes in predestination, and living a moral christian life. His ideas are outlined in his book The institutes of the christian religion.

Answer 17

John Calvin (1509-1564)

Question 18

Written by John Calvin to explain the principles of the christian faith. The main ideas were: predestination, god controls everything related to faith, the scripture alone is the guide to faith, and christians should live a moral life

Answer 18

The Institutes of the Christian Religion 1536

Question 19

the idea that god has already predetermined if you’re going to heaven or hell not based on your merit or works, Zwingli believed in this but he also said a good man predestined for heaven would do good deeds.

Answer 19

Predestination

Question 20

an official list by the Catholic Church that names books considered dangerous to faith or morals. The goal was to protect the catholic faith and included texts written by martin luther and john calvin. Abolished in 1966 by Pope Paul.

Answer 20

Index of Forbidden Books

Question 21

a meeting called by the catholic church to address the protestant reformation, this meeting reaffirmed key catholic doctrines while introducing some reforms. Some changes included the clergy was more educated, indulgences and other signs of corruption were not done anymore, other than this everything else remained the same.

Answer 21

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Question 22

spanish nun who played a key role in the catholic reformation(counter-reformation), she joined a convent giving away all of her wealth, concerned about the lack of discipline she noticed she created her own where she had a strict religious life. She helped strengthen and revive the catholic church, when all of its corruption was being pointed out.

Answer 22

Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

Question 23

members of the society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola whose goal was the spread of the Roman catholic faith

Answer 23

Jesuits

Question 24

on the wedding day of protestant Henry of navarre and catholic margaret of valois, thousands of hugenotes(french protestants) were killed, deepened the conflict between catholics and protestants which led to more religious wars in france.

Answer 24

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572

Question 25

key figure in french religious wars, on his wedding day to margaret of valois(a catholic) there was the st. bartholomews day massacre after this he temporarily converted to catholicism to unite the country,”paris is worth a mass”, he issued the edict of Nantes which granted religious tolerance to protestants and ended years of conflicts while also solidifying the fact that the country would never be unified under one religion again.

Answer 25

Henry IV, aka Henry of Navarre d. 1610

Question 26

Politicians/monarchs who realized their kingdom would be more stable if they allowed religious freedom/tolerance. Ex. Henry Iv, he issued the edict of nantes which allowed catholicism and protestantism which ended years of religious wars, Elizabeth l who had moderate religious policies to avoid conflicts between the two religions

Answer 26

Politiques

Question 27

a document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598 that granted liberty of conscious and public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France. They were allowed religious freedom with restrictions eventually revoked by Louis XIV.

Answer 27

Edict of Nantes

Question 28

a court that was made to punish those involved in Protestant uprising, thousands of people were tried for crimes and this made people angry and led to the struggle for independence for Spain.

Answer 28

“Council of Blood”

Question 29

the alliance of seven northern provinces(led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United provinces of Netherlands

Answer 29

Union of Utrecht (1581)

Question 30

major conflict fought between many European powers, started as religious wars but became political when France joined the protestants' side. Caused by tension between catholic and protestants, went through four major phases. Ended with the treaty of Westphalia.

Answer 30

Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648

Question 31

A treaty that ended the thirty years war in Europe, recognized the independence of European countries, and redrew many political boundaries, brought stability to Europe after decades of war. Let the princes decide their religion of their state

Answer 31

Peace of Westphalia