ch.21.1 ID list

Question 1

Post-Napoleon meeting of the great powers( Quadruple alliance-russia, prussia, austria, great britain + France) to establish lasting peace, restore balance of power, and suppress revolutionary ideas.

Answer 1

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

Question 2

Alliance of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed after Napoleon’s defeat to maintain the Congress of Vienna’s peace settlement and prevent future French aggression or revolutions.

Answer 2

Quadruple Alliance

Question 3

System of international relations established by the Quadruple alliance after the congress of Vienna. It involved regular meetings among the Great Powers to resolve disputes peacefully and maintain the European balance of power, preventing major wars for decades(until WWll)

Answer 3

“Congress System”

Question 4

Austrian foreign minister, architect of the “congress system” and dominant figure at the Congress of Vienna. He believed in maintaining the monarchical status quo and suppressing liberal and nationalists movements, viewing human nature as prone to chaos.

Answer 4

Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)

Question 5

An alliance proposed by Tsar Alexander I in 1815, joining the conservative monarchs of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. It became a symbolic commitment to uphold Christian principles and, more practically, to suppress liberal and revolutionary movements across Europe, reflecting the conservative backlash against the French Revolution.

Answer 5

Holy Alliance

Question 6

Tsar of Russia and key participant at the Congress of Vienna. He initially advocated for significant territorial gains for Russia, particularly in Poland; he ultimately compromised with other Great Powers to maintain the balance of power, though he later became a strong proponent of conservative principles, notably the Holy Alliance.

Answer 6

Alexander I (r. 1801-1825)

Question 7

A series of repressive measures issued in 1819 by Metternich within the German Confederation. They were designed to suppress liberal and nationalist movements, they dissolved student fraternities (Burschenschaften), removed liberal university professors, expanded press censorship, and established a committee to investigate revolutionary activities, effectively stifling calls for German unification and reform.

Answer 7

Karlsbad Decrees (1819)

Question 8

A Venezuelan military and political leader, known as “The Liberator.” He played a central role in the successful struggle for independence from Spain in much of South America, establishing the short-lived “Gran Colombia” and envisioning a unified federation of Latin American states. His actions indirectly influenced European powers by weakening Spain.

Answer 8

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)

Question 9

A political ideology that emerged in response to the French Revolution, advocating for traditional institutions, monarchical rule, established churches, and a hierarchical social order. Key figures like Metternich championed this at the Congress of Vienna, aiming to restore stability and suppress liberal and nationalist movements.

Answer 9

Conservatism

Question 10

A political ideology emphasizing individual rights, liberty, and equality before the law. they advocated for representative government, constitutionalism, and specific freedoms such as freedom of the press, speech, assembly, and worship, often challenging traditional monarchical and aristocratic privileges.

Answer 10

Liberalism

Question 11

An economic and political ideology rooted in the Enlightenment, advocating for individual liberty, limited government intervention, and free-market capitalism. Influenced by Adam Smith, it emphasized laissez-faire economics, private property, and individual initiative, believing these would lead to societal prosperity and opportunity.

Answer 11

Classical Liberalism

Question 12

A political ideology and movement asserting that a nation (defined by common language, history, culture, or ethnicity) should govern itself as an independent state. It fostered a sense of collective identity and loyalty, often leading to movements for national self-determination and unification or independence.

Answer 12

Nationalism

Question 13

A political and economic ideology that emerged in the early 19th century, advocating for greater social and economic equality. Early socialists often proposed collective ownership or control of the means of production, extensive social welfare programs, and a more equitable distribution of wealth, often in response to the perceived injustices of industrial capitalism.

Answer 13

Socialism

Question 14

An early French “utopian socialist” who advocated for a society led by scientists, engineers, and industrialists. He believed that society should be organized to benefit the poor and that industrialization, managed by experts, could eliminate poverty and create a harmonious, productive society.

Answer 14

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Question 14

A French “utopian socialist” who proposed the creation of self-sufficient, cooperative communities called “phalanxes.” Each phalanx, ideally composed of 1620 people, would allow individuals to rotate tasks based on their natural inclinations, aiming to achieve social harmony and maximize human potential

Answer 14

Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)

Question 15

Welsh industrialist and “utopian socialist.” Implemented humane reforms (housing, education, fair wages) at his New Lanark mills, demonstrating that industry could be profitable and socially responsible.

Answer 15

Charles Fourier (1772-1837)

Question 16

French “utopian socialist” and anarchist who wrote What Is Property?, and argued “property is theft!” . He believed property was stolen labor and advocated for abolishing states in favor of loose associations of workers.

Answer 16

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)

Question 17

French “utopian socialist” who, in Organization of Work, urged workers to gain universal voting rights and for the government to establish publicly funded “national workshops” to guarantee full employment and the “right to work.”

Answer 17

Louis Blanc (1811-1882)

Question 18

A radical socialist ideology developed by Karl Marx, advocating for a working-class (proletariat) revolution to overthrow capitalism and establish a classless, communist society.

Answer 18

Marxism

Question 19

In Marxist theory, the industrial working class who, lacking ownership of the means of production, are exploited by the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) for their labor.

Answer 19

Proletariat

Question 19

A revolutionary pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, calling for the international unity of the working class to overthrow capitalism and establish communism.

Answer 19

The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Question 20

Karl Marx’s foundational book, a comprehensive exposition of his socialist theories, analyzing capitalism’s inherent contradictions and predicting its eventual overthrow by the proletariat.

Answer 20

Capital (1867)-the book by Marx

Question 21

An artistic and intellectual movement (c. 1790s-1840s) that reacted against Enlightenment rationalism and Classicism, emphasizing emotion, imagination, spontaneity, individualism, and the glorification of nature.

Answer 21

Romanticism

Question 21

Influential English Romantic poet, famous for his rebellious “Byronic hero” and his passionate support for national liberation movements, notably joining the Greek War of Independence where he died.

Answer 21

Lord Byron (1788-1824)

Question 22

William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats,

Answer 22

The English Romantic Poets (list)

Question 23

One of the greatest French Romantic painters, known for dramatic, colorful, and emotionally charged scenes, often depicting exotic subjects, historical events, or literary themes.

Answer 23

Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)

Question 23

Leading French Romantic writer, author of Les Misérables and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame. His works explored human emotion, social injustice, and historical drama with great passion.

Answer 23

Victor Hugo (1802-1885)

Question 24

German linguists and cultural researchers who successfully collected and published German folk tales (Children’s Stories and Household Tales), playing a key role in preserving German cultural heritage and fostering nationalism.

Answer 24

Jacob and William Grimm

Question 25

The first great Romantic composer, whose music dramatically expanded classical forms, using contrasting themes and powerful emotional expression to create conflict and inspiring resolutions.

Answer 25

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

Question 26

A failed coup attempt in Russia (1825) by liberal military officers (Decemberists) who sought to establish a constitutional monarchy upon the unexpected death of Tsar Alexander I, but were brutally suppressed(executed or sent to Siberia) by Nicholas I.

Answer 26

Decemberist Revolt

Question 27

Tsar of Russia who ascended to the throne after suppressing the Decembrist Revolt. He became a staunch conservative, implementing a repressive regime focused on maintaining autocracy and orthodox

Answer 27

Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855)