Ch.4 Basic Cellular Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

Microscope

Answer 1

• One of the primary instruments of biology
• First used to describe cells by Hooke in 1665
• Light Microscope (1000X)
• Electron microscope (100,000X)

Question 2

Prokaryotes

Answer 2

• smaller
• simpler
• Most do not have membrane-enclosed organelles
• bacteria and archaea

Question 3

Eukaryotes

Answer 3

• Larger
• More complex
• Membrane-enclosed organelles
• Protists, plants, fungi, animals

Question 4

Plasma Membrane

Answer 4

• Provides a barrier
• Controls transport
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Cholesterol
• Proteins

Question 5

What is the primary structure of a cell membrane?

Answer 5

Double layer of phospholipid molecules:

• phospholipid bilayer
• heads are hydrophilic (“water loving”)
• tails are hydrophobic (“water fearing”)
• Arrange themselves in bilayer in water

Question 6

Other components of plasma membrane?

Answer 6

Cholesterol-provides integrity to the phospholipid bilayer
Proteins:
-Structural
-perform many metabolic functions

Question 7

Cytoplasm

Answer 7

• Gel-like internal substance of cells

- Includes many organelles suspended in watery fluid called cytosol

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

• Only Eukaryotes
• Nuclear envelope- Double phospholipid bilayer
• Nuclear pores- openings in the nuclear envelope
• Chromatin- genetic material
• Nucleolus- the “little nucleus”

Question 9

Physiology of the Nucleus

Answer 9

• Contains genetic information of the cell
• Directs the cell’s protein synthesis
• Controls the anatomy and physiology of the cell

Question 10

Nuclear envelope

Answer 10

double phospholipid bilayer

Question 11

Nuclear pores

Answer 11

Found in Nucleus

-Openings in the nuclear envelope

Question 12

Chromatin

Answer 12

Found in Nucleus

-genetic material

Question 13

Nucleolus

Answer 13

Found in Nucleus

-the “little nucleus”

Question 14

Ribosomes anatomy

Answer 14

• Non-membranous structures
• Composed of RNA and protein
• Some are attached to nuclear envelope and Rough-E.R.
• Some are freely flouting in cytoplasm

Question 15

Ribosomes physiology

Answer 15

• site of protein synthesis

- reads mRNA and produces proteins

Question 16

12 Parts of Cells

Answer 16

• Plasma Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Chloroplasts
• Mitochondria
• Cytoskeleton
• Cell extensions

Question 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum anatomy

Answer 17

-A winding phospholipid bilayer of canals, tubes, sacs, and flat membranes.

Question 18

Physiology of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 18

• Subdivides the cell (for multitasking)

- intercellular transport (molecules move through the canals)

Question 19

Two basic types of ER

Answer 19

• Rough ER

- Smooth ER

Question 20

Rough ER

Answer 20

• Contains Ribosomes

- Function in protein synthesis

Question 21

Smooth ER

Answer 21

• no ribosomes

- synthesize certain lipids and carbohydrates

Question 22

Transport vesicle

Answer 22

A pinched off portion of a phospholipid bilayer that is used to transport something through the cell.

Question 23

Golgi Apparatus anatomy

Answer 23

• Consists of stacked cisternae (golgi bodies)

- Cisternae produce vesicles

Question 24

Golgi Apparatus physiology

Answer 24

• Packages proteins (usually produced by the rough ER)
• Contents may then be secreted (secretory vesicle)
• Example: glands

Question 25

What is the function of the Golgi Aparatus

Answer 25

Takes transport vesicles from the Rough ER and repackages them to transport them to the plasma membrane.

Question 26

Lysosomes anatomy

Answer 26

- Made of microscopic membranous sacs - "Pinched off" from Golgi Apparatus - Contain digestive enzymes

Question 27

Lys-

Answer 27

prefix meaning kill on contact

Question 28

Lysosome physiology

Answer 28

- Digest defective/old/useless cell parts - Digest entire cell if burst - example: white blood cells

Question 29

How does a Lysosome digest?

Answer 29

The Lysosome will engulf the food particles or the dying cell by combining or surrounding the cell with its phospholipid bilayer.

Question 30

Vacuoles Anatomy

Answer 30

- Membranous sacs of varying size (very large in plants) | - "Pinched off" from the Golgi apparatus or ER or plasma membrane.

Question 31

Vacuoles physiology

Answer 31

-Most are some kind of storage facility. ex: contractile vacuoles in protists that collect water central vacuole in plants that can contain food, waste, and poison.

Question 32

Chloroplasts anatomy

Answer 32

- 3 compartment system enclosed by membranes - Double phospholipid bilayer. - inner and outer membranes - contains: - Stroma - Grana - Thylakoid

Question 33

Stroma

Answer 33

-liquid inside the inner membrane of the Chloroplasts

Question 34

Grana

Answer 34

Stacks of disk shaped membrane bodies found in chloroplasts made up of thylakoids

Question 35

Thylakoids

Answer 35

Individual "Coins" that make up Granum

Question 36

Chloroplast physiology

Answer 36

- Site of Photosynthesis | - Where plants convert sunlight and CO2 into food

Question 37

Mitochondria Anatomy

Answer 37

Composed of a double membrane system - Outer membrane - Inner membrane with Cristae - Matrix - Intermembrane Space

Question 38

Cristae

Answer 38

folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondria

Question 39

What part of the cell has it's own DNA, produces it's own enzymes and is self-replicating?

Answer 39

Mitochondria

Question 40

Mitochondria physiology

Answer 40

- The "power plants" of cells - produce ATP - Main site of cellular respiration

Question 41

Cytoskeleton Anatomy

Answer 41

- the cell's internal supporting framework. | - made of rigid, rodlike proteins (intermediate filaments) and microtubules.

Question 42

Cytoskeleton Physiology

Answer 42

- Gives the cell shape - Allows for movement - anchors organelles - Provides "tracks" for the movement of molecules and organelles

Question 43

Cell Extensions

Answer 43

- Cilia - Flagella - Microvilli

Question 44

Cilia

Answer 44

- Short cell processes made of microtubules - usually numerous on cells that have them - external - have coordinated movements

Question 45

Flagella

Answer 45

- Long cell process made of microtubules | - Move with a tail-like movement that propels cell forward

Question 46

Microvilli

Answer 46

The cell extensions are formed from proteins within the cell that change the form of the cell membrane