Test 4- The Evidence for Evolution

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Populations of organisms change over time
or
Any change in allele frequency in a population over time

Question 2

Theory of Evolution

Answer 2

Life on Earth has changed gradually over time beginning with one primitive gene pool and through the process of natural selection has diversified into many forms including all that can be observed today.

Question 3

Theory of Evolution in 5 short sentences

Answer 3

Life on Earth has:

1. Changed
2. Gradually over time
3. beginning with one primitive gene pool
4. and through the process of natural selection
5. has diversified into many forms including all that can be observed today.

Question 4

5 basic principles of The Theory of Evolution

Answer 4

1. Evolution
2. Gradualism
3. Common Ancestry
4. Natural Selection
5. Speciation

Question 5

Fossil Record

Answer 5

Evidence for Evolution

• Preserved evidence of past organisms in the strata of the Earth’s crust
• shows a distinct pattern of temporal succession
• Examples: bone, mineralized tissues, impressions

Question 6

Where are fossils typically formed?

Answer 6

Sedimentary rock
but also:
-volcanic ash
-amber
-etc.

Question 7

Relative dating of fossils

Answer 7

The deeper you go the older it gets

Question 8

Core Layer Dating

Answer 8

• Dendrochronology
• Ice Cores
• Ocean Cores
• Coral growth strata

Question 9

Radiometric dating

Answer 9

Radiocarbon dating (5,730 year half-life)
Uranium-Thorium (80,000 year half-life)
Potassium-Argon (1.3 billion year half-life)

Question 10

Ardipithecus

Answer 10

Ardipithecus (Early Human) before Australopithecus 4.4 MYO

Question 11

Archaeopteryx

Answer 11

Archaeopteryx (reptile-bird hybrid) feathers, teeth/beak, bony tail

Question 12

Glossopteris

Answer 12

• Glossopteris (plant found along southern portion of Pangea)
• shows that the continents of South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia were once connected

Question 13

Tiktaalik

Answer 13

Tiktaalik (Fish-Amphibian hybrid) flat head, eyes on top, wrist
-shows transition between fish and amphibian

Question 14

Basilosaurus

Answer 14

-Basilosaurus (Marine Mammal) Hind fins

Question 15

Australopithecus

Answer 15

Australopithecus (Early Human) 3.2 MYO

-Walked upright as shown through its 4th metatarsal in the foot

Question 16

Biogeography

Answer 16

Evidence for Evolution

-The Study of the distribution of organisms on the planet

Question 17

The way organisms are distributed consistently show what pattern?

Answer 17

a pattern of local adaptations and radiations to accessible areas (but not beyond)

ex. Australia and the distribution of marsupials
ex. Differences between oceanic and continental islands.
ex. Species rings (salamander in California thing)

Question 18

Continental Islands

Answer 18

• Once connected to a continent but now separated
• ex. Madagascar, Japan, Great Britain
• Have full ecology containing all major groups comparable to the nearest continent

Question 19

Oceanic Islands

Answer 19

• Formed from the seabed by volcanoes
• Ex. Hawaii, Galapagos
• Usually lack native freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
• Often show diverse radiations of one type of organism
• ex. Darwin’s Finches
• Flightless birds are common, as are coconut trees

Question 20

Comparative Anatomy

Answer 20

Evidence for Evolution

-The study and comparison of physical features

Question 21

Homologous structures

Answer 21

-Show variations on a theme because these structures are inherited from a common ancestor

Question 22

Comparative embryology

Answer 22

The similarities in many organisms in their embryonic stage

Question 23

Vestigial structures

Answer 23

Structures that used to serve a function in the body of the organism but have become benign due to evolution.

ex. Kiwi bird having no wings
ex. Hairy tailed mole having under-developed eyes

Question 24

Atavisms

Answer 24

DNA that is non-coding that occasionally gets turned on by mistake.

ex. Snake with atavistic leg
ex. dolphin with atavistic back fin

Question 25

Comparative Biochemistry

Answer 25

Evidence for Evolution - Genes (and thus proteins) are inherited and reflect a pattern of common ancestry ex. Universal Genes showing variations on a theme ex. Vestigial Genes

Question 26

Olfactory Genes

Answer 26

odor detecting genes examples -Jawless fish have a few non-specialized odor detecting genes -Bony fish have more genes and are adapted to odor detection in water -Reptiles have even more genes and are adapted to odor detection in air -Mammals have >1000 odor in air detection genes

Question 27

Olfactory Genes and Vestigial Genes

Answer 27

examples - Mice have >1000 working olfactory genes and a very acute sense of smell - Humans have >1000 olfactory genes, but over half are vestigial (All primates show a trend: better color vision = more vestigial olfactory genes) - Dolphins have >1000 olfactory genes and over 80% are vestigial

Question 28

Genomic comparisons

Answer 28

Example of Comparative Biochemistry | Genetically species are similar to closely related species.

Question 29

Modern observations of evolution

Answer 29

``` Evidence for Evolution Examples: -Antibiotic resistant bacteria -DDT resistant mosquitoes -Fish size in commercially fished species has become smaller -Humans on the Tibetal Plateau ```

Question 30

Evidence for Evolution 5 examples

Answer 30

1. Fossil Record 2. Biogeography 3. Comparative anatomy 4. Comparative biochemistry 5. Modern observations of evolution

Question 31

5 basic principles of the Theory of Evolution

Answer 31

1. Evolution 2. Gradualism 3. Common Ancestry 4. Natural Selection 5. Speciation