ch7 cold war develops

Question 1

How was Europe post WW2?

Answer 1

1. Post war ruins
2. Shift in global superpower

like earthquake but worse

Question 2

Post war ruins in Europe
WW2

Answer 2

Aft 1945:
- 36mil Europeans killed
- infastructure (e.g. railways) destroyed
- gas, electricity, water bye
- malnutrition, disease, no medicine
- homelessness, displacement

Question 3

P__ V__ after WW2

Answer 3

political vacumn
1. US, USSR emerge as 2 superpowers
2. Britian exhaust rescources, ppl, virtually bankrupt
3. France occupied Germany (1940), lost former power
4. Germany lost WW2, ruins
5. vacumn set stage, conflict, US, USSR

Britian wasnt invaded

Question 4

USA vs USSR
Early tensions

Answer 4

1. competing ideologies
2. Suspicion, Mistrust b4 1939
3. “Marriage of Convinience”

Question 5

Early Russo-USA tensions
C___ I___

Answer 5

Competing Ideologies
1. USA politicians, bussinessman h8 communism, threaten their way, life
2. USSR believe USA act selfish, build own economic, political influence

Differences
- US free economy vs USSR command economy
- US free elections vs USSR poliburto being selected
- separation of businesses, funding and govt vs state controlled businesses, funding

Question 6

Early Russo-USA tensions
S___, M___ b4 1___

Answer 6

Suspicion, Mistrust b4 1939
1. USSR Communist Manefesto: revolution, overthrow capitalist states, USA alarmed
2. US help whites in Whites VS Reds civil war
3. Red Scare 1920, US gov arrest many ppl, accuse many innocent immigrants from Russia, communist agents
4. policy of appeasement, Germany, Hitler, wont be weakened until vulnerable, ussr communist, and Hitler oppose risk, communism spread Germany
5. tehran conference

1 + 4 -> threaten USSR’s security, feel need to protect itself from US

Question 7

Early Russo-USA tensions
“M__ o__ C__”

Answer 7

“Marriage of Convinience”
Britian, USA, USSR emergency arrangment against Germany, common enemy

• post war conferences highlighted differences, once common enemy was gone, not needed anymore
• e.g. moving of Poland as buffer // Poland free elections vs Poland being controlled by USSR

Question 8

How T__ C__, Operation Overlord cause Stalin sus US, Britian

Answer 8

Tehran Conference, 1943
Stalin urge US, Britian open 2nd front, fight Germany,
Soviet troops face immense pressure solo

Operation Overlord 1944
Took 1 yr, US, Britian open 2nd front
Stalin sus they wanna weaken USSR + minimise their losses

Question 9

Two conferences “WW2 Big 3” held abt Germany stuff

Answer 9

1st: Yalta, Germany defeat imminent
2nd: Potsdam, Germany defeated

Question 10

Post WW2 Conferences abt Germany
Y__ C__: USA views

Answer 10

Yalta Conference, imminent German defeat

1. Peace, safety, prosperity (alarmed by Communist Manifesto, Soviet-supported communist parties)
2. Capitalism, democracy, model for international development
3. Recover West Europe (trade disrupted ww2)

hence wanted Poland to be able to choose its own govt, alarmed by Increasing Soviet Control

Question 11

Post WW2 Conferences abt Germany
Y__ C__: Soviet views

Answer 11

Yalta Conference, imminent German defeat

1. Establish buffer states, East Europe (USSR invaded twice thru Poland, 20 mil Soviet dead, cities mainly destroyed)
2. Make East Europe friendly
3. Massive war reparations from Germany (repair own economy, Germany cannot invade)

Question 12

Yalta Conference Agreements

Answer 12

GERMANY
1. 4 zones Germany, Germany capital Berlin divided, 4 zone
2. Nazi war criminals tried b4 international court
3. German liberated territories hold free elections

USSR
1. USSR enter war against Japan when Germany surrender
2. Post WW2 join United Nations
3. Eastern Europe, soviet sphere influence, future security USSR

Question 13

Yalta Conference
Disagreements

Answer 13

Disagreements
Stalin: post-war Poland move westward (buffer)

Final terms
Stalin: cannot interfere Greece
Churchill + Roosevelt: Allow Post-war Poland move westward

Failure to stick to terms agreed
In Yalta initially agreed to free elections.

Poland self-determination vs Poland controlled as part of buffer states, put up armies in a lot of satellite states

leading to Churchill calling for army general, drafting of plans for future invasion of Soviet Union

The atom bomb in Potsdam also later spurred USSR to quicken its pace of development to catch up with US

Question 14

Increase tension in P__ C__
(Post ww2 conference abt Germany)

Answer 14

Potsdam Conference
1. Britian scared USSR jepoardise free world
2. Change in Leadership
3. Increase Soviet Control
4. Manhattan Project
5. Disagreement Over Germany

Leaders put up united front in front of media in publicity photos

Question 15

Post ww2 conference abt Germany
Aft Y__ C__
(B__ s__ U___)

Answer 15

Aft Yalta Conference, Britian sus USSR
1. Stalin clash w/ Churchill on various Issues
2. Churchill wrote -> Roosevelt, worried USSR jeopardise free world
3. Churchill order army general, plan against possible USSR war

Churchill -> then British PM
Roosevelt -> then US President

Question 16

Post ww2 conference abt Germany
P__ C__
(U__ C__ L__)

Answer 16

Potsdam conference, Undergo change leaders
1. US -> Harry Truman (Roosevelt died)
2. Truman rose 2 power when wartime alliance btwn USSR, USA+Britian broken
3. Concerned abt USSR threat 2 Western Europe
4. Churchill lost election, 1/2way thru Potsdam, replaced Clement Attlee
5. Both younger, less experience

Clement Attlee -> then British PM

Question 17

Post ww2 conference abt Germany
P__ C__
(I__ S__ C__)

Answer 17

Potsdam conference, increasing soviet control
Stalin Salami Tactics get rid, other parties:
1. support establishment of coalitions when popular
2. work w/ other parties in beginning
3. gain influence, supress
ban other parties, exile leaders

Question 18

Post ww2 conference abt Germany
P__ C__
(M__ P__)

Answer 18

Manhattan Proj
1. Truman -> Stalin atomic bomb, intimidate
2. Stalin know b4hand, spies, order Soviet Technicians, scientists develop atomic bomb
3. Stalin nvr react, didnt want show Truman he concerned

• Truman dosen’t need Stalin help, defeat Japan (have atom bomb to use), took very hard line, Potsdam
• Truman have political leverage, negotiations

Question 19

Post ww2 conference abt Germany
P__ C__
(D__ O__ G__)

Answer 19

Disagreement over Germany
1. Stalin wanna complete cripple German (ToV)
2. Stalin wan compensation, Truman agree, change his mind, suspicious (tryna protect Germany as ally against USSR)
3. Truman sus USSR wanna control whole Europe, especially when he set up loyal communist govts. in Eastern Europe

Question 20

Example of salami tactics being used (USSR)

Answer 20

Jan Masaryk
1. Passionate democrat
2. Won over communists, several elections
3. Phone tapped, followed by Soviet agents
4. Package sent 2 him w/ bomb
5. Found dead below bedroom window (many historians think -> killed)

Question 21

Truman reactions when USSR controlling East Europe

Answer 21

1. evidence that Stalin wanna build empire, wanna do smth abt it
2. Cannot directly, US ppl wary drag US, more international politics
3. Churchill greatly respect in US, resigned alr, Truman ask Churchill give speech in USA, 1946 gave it, warn abt USSR dangers, “Iron Curtain”
4. Anger USSR, Alarm US ppl, gave Truman attention, popularity

Question 22

after USSR, USA rise,
how is the world like?

Answer 22

Increasingly bi-polar

bipolar:

Question 23

What is Long Telegram? How did it influence Truman?

Answer 23

Document that influenced Truman -> aggressive USSR, develop…

TRUMAN DOCTRINE
1. Truman announced, provide military equipment, advice -> democratic countries
2. containment, USSR

Question 24

Post WW2
development in Turkey, Greece

How they influence Truman?

Answer 24

1. Greek royalists vs Greek Communist Party
2. 1946 civil war
3. British didnt have resources control situation, withdrew, Truman faced prospect, another European country -> communism
4. Stalin try gain influence -> Turkey (Turkish Straits, USSR ships sail Black Sea -> Mediterranean Sea)
5. Truman concern Stalin use Turkey spread communist influence, Middle East
6. Turkey, huge oil reserves

Question 25

Truman actions upon finding out Turkey, Greece face prospect of falling into Communism

Answer 25

1. Win US Public, Turkey, Greece support 2. Marshall Plan

Question 26

**Post WW2** Truman's reactions 2 stem communism upon seeing Turkey, Greece developments W__ US P__, T___, G__, S___

Answer 26

**Win US Public, Turkey, Greece Support** 1. exaggerate scale, Communist threat, Greece, Turkey 2. American newspapers support 3. US -> Greece, Turkey aid bill ($400mil) 4. Secure Turkey, US ally, propped up Greece monarchist govt. 5. **Made it clear, US won't withdraw, world affairs, actively resisting communism** ## Footnote **use this to explain worsening of relations** - as part of Truman Doctrine in 1947, which was the first big American intervention against communism - heightened tensions as USSR felt its influence was threatened

Question 27

What is Marshall Plan?

Answer 27

**Marshall Plan** 1. Truman, US mighty economic power, stop communism 2. US secretary, state, George Marshall, come up economic aid plan 3. $13bil -> food, machinery e.g. shipped 2 democratic European countries ## Footnote **use this to explain** - calculated, targeted move to undermine Soviet Union's influence - enhance prestige, importance of US - sparked counter-responses

Question 28

Marshall plan Truman ulterior motives

Answer 28

1. Western Europe states, bind closer tgt against Communism 2. help fragmented European industries recover, recieve US exports 3. UK, France (US greatest political allies) recieve greatest funding

Question 29

What did Marshall Plan cause?

Answer 29

1. Economic Miracle, 1950s West Germany 2. Stalin sus Truman 3. Comecon 4. Cominform

Question 30

**Marshall Plan Caused...?** S__ s__ T__ (h__ w__ G__)

Answer 30

**Stalin sus Truman (hooligans w/ Germany)** 1. trying to rebuild West Germany’s fragmented economies, work tgt with West -> advance nearer to Eastern Europe and threaten USSR 2. trying to rebuild West Germany who attacked USSR 2x to use against the USSR

Question 31

**MARSHALL PLAN REACTION FROM STALIN** Comecon

Answer 31

**Comecon** 1. Ensure **satelite states** free from US influence, control 2. Members trade mostly w/ one another, rather than West 3. Comecon favour USSR states more than other members 4. Poland forced trade coal 1/10 open market price ## Footnote Satellite States (Post WW2): E.g. Poland Declared independance but actually **heavily influenced** politically by other parties

Question 32

**MARSHALL PLAN REACTION FROM STALIN** Cominform

Answer 32

**Cominform - 1947** 1. Publish propaganda 2. unite communist states 3. tighten control, other satelite states 4. Stalin told Eastern Europe states wat policies, follow e.g. rej financial support, USA, **cut off trade w/ other non-Cominform countries** 5. Yugoslavia (Marshall Tito) debate only ## Footnote Marshall Tito popular enf, no need USSR has his own rendition of Communism both Tito + Stalin long lasting feud

Question 33

Morgenthau Plan (1944) and Merger of Trizone (1948)

Answer 33

**1944 Morgenthau** - dismantle German industries, split 4 zone - Berlin also split **1948 Merger** - Brit, France not enf resources maintain zone - Truman think West Germany potential ally, USSR - US, France, Britian merge their zones, "Trizone"

Question 34

How did US, Britian France merge Zones into TriZone cause Stalin Sus?

Answer 34

US seemed like fragment Germany, now why they merging it back?

Question 35

US, French, British merge their zones -> 1 Economic Bloc Stalin Reaction

Answer 35

**1948 Berlin Blockade, try force Allies outta Berlin** 1. USSR cut rail, road links from Trizone -> West Berlin 2. disrupt water, power supply ## Footnote Trizone (Later West Germany)

Question 36

Truman's reaction to Berlin Blockade

Answer 36

**Berlin Airlift** coal, food, medicine -> air ## Footnote Western Media -> courage, endurance Eastern Media -> unsafe constant flights

Question 37

Stalin lift Berlin Blockade when + consequence

Answer 37

**1949 Berlin Blockade Lifting** - Europe's 2 camps - Federal Republic Germany // West Germany - German Democratic Republic // East Germany - Berlin: **East, West w/ Berlin Wall** ## Footnote Berlin wall was a concrete wall later demolished Trizone is an economic bloc (1948) West Germany (1949) before Berlin Blockade lifted Berlin Blockade lifted (1949)

Question 38

Berlin Wall **Checkpt Charlie**

Answer 38

only place Berlin wall didn't block

Question 39

How NATO form

Answer 39

**height, Berlin blockade - 1949** Western powers sign treaty (NATO) - any member attacked = go war - NATO countries provide US military bases

Question 40

1949 important Communist development

Answer 40

- USSR nuke complete - China ruled Mao Zedong (ccp)

Question 41

Why was Warsaw pact enacted?

Answer 41

1. West Germany asked join NATO 2. West Germany rearm

Question 42

Warsaw pact terms, year

Answer 42

**1955 Warsaw Pact** 1. any member attacked, defend

Question 43

How warsaw pact affect the world

Answer 43

1. USSR command, all armies, satelite states 2. tension increase, each side, plans, stop other side invade 3. e.g. thousands US troops station West Germany 4. Soviet forces crush protests, uprisings, force (e.g. revolt in Hungary)

Question 44

Who wrote long telegram? Why?

Answer 44

US adoption, containment policy 1. George F. Kennan -> US diplomat

Question 45

when is cold war starting defined as?

Answer 45

1. 1917, USSR formed, competing ideologies* 2. 1945 Potsdam Conference 3. 1948 Berlin Blockade

Question 46

cold war keyword

Answer 46

**america** - capitalist imperalism - win-win situation **ussr** - one-party dictatorship - zero-sum game - neo-colonialism

Question 47

Cold war existence, end

Answer 47

Cold war exists when: Democratic US vs Communist USSR (1917) Cold war end: When either US or USSR cease to exist

Question 48

berlin blockade was not a mistake

Answer 48

**exposed military unprepardness of USA** - boosted morale, comm. countries - assess how far western powers (US, UK, France) willing to go, defend interests - Berlin Blockade helped in establishment of communist East Germany - strategic gamble