Changes in reforms

Question 1

What was created in July 1889?

Answer 1

Land Captain

Question 2

What did the Land Captain have the power to do? (4)

Answer 2

• override elections to the zemstvo and village assemblies
• disregard zemstvo decisions
• responsible for law enforcement and government in the countryside
• Ignore the normal judicial process, overturning court judgements

Question 3

What did a further Act in 1890 do? (2)

Answer 3

• changed election arrangements for the zemstva to reduce peasant vote
• placed the zemstva under central government control

Question 4

What effect did centralising the zemstva have?

Answer 4

Channelled all the zemstva efforts away from political discussion towards the social services

Question 5

What happened in towns in June 1892?

Answer 5

• The electorate was reduced to property owners above a certain value
• The mayor and members of the town councils became state employees subject to central government direction

Question 6

Who was the department of police led by? (2)

Answer 6

• Vyacheslav von Plehve (1881-1884)

- Pyotr Durnovo (1884-)

Question 7

What changed in the police department? (3)

Answer 7

• Number of police increased
• New branches of the criminal investigation department were set up
• There was a drive to recruit spies, counter-spies and ‘agents provocateurs’ who would pose as revolutionaries to incriminate others

Question 8

How did decrees in 1885 affect ministers?

Answer 8

It provided for the Ministers of Justice to exercise greater control, for example in the dismissal of judges

Question 9

What changes took place in the judicial system? (4)

Answer 9

• 1887: Ministry granted powers to hold closed court sessions
• 1889:Ministry became responsible for the appointment of town judges
• 1887: The property and educational qualifications needed by jurors were raised
• 1889: volost courts were put under the direct jurisdiction of the Land Captains in the countrysides and the judges in the towns

Question 10

What were the changes in education? ()

Answer 10

• 1884: appointments of chancellors, deans and professors were subject to the approval of the Educational Ministry based on “religious, moral and patriotic orientation” rather than academic grounds
• Universities were closed to women
• Abolished separate university courts

Question 11

Who oversaw the educational developments?

Answer 11

Delyanov