chap 3

Question 1

Populations in which there is much contact between individuals in the population and members of other populations.

Answer 1

Contiguous Animal Population

Question 2

These occur as discrete units such as flocks and herds. They are particularly common in countries that practice intensive animal production, with many animals on one farm.

Answer 2

Separated Animal Population

Question 3

enumerate the host factors determinants

Answer 3

species, sex, age, genetics, health condition, disease history, social, cultural economic and political factors

Question 4

give the agent determinants

Answer 4

virulence. dose, host range, normal microflora, invasiveness

Question 5

give the environmental determinants

Answer 5

housing, climate, temperature, rainfall, humidity, sanitation

Question 6

who and what year he argued that climate, particularly temperature, dictated vegetation?

Answer 6

agustin de candolle 1874

Question 7

Agustin de candolle drew vegetational map based on?

Answer 7

isotherms

Question 8

the rainforest were described as

Answer 8

formations of megatherms,
deciduous forests of mesotherms, and
deserts of xerophiles

Question 9

formed the modern system which
provides a good correlation between
climatic and vegetational regions.

Answer 9

Wladimir Koppen

Question 10

The theory of ‘convergent evolution’
states that animals of different
ancestral stock evolve similar features
to suit similar environments.

Answer 10

biomes

Question 11

who and what year defined life zones (now called biomes) in North America.

Answer 11

Hart Merriam (1893)

Question 12

any changes results in negative feedback to bring back to state of equilibrium

Answer 12

Balance of Nature

Question 13

for food in the habitat, density-dependent; or competition for survival from same predator

Answer 13

Competition

Question 14

predators regulate population of their prey

Answer 14

Predation

Question 15

drastic climate changes drive some animals to migrate to other places with better conditions

Answer 15

Dispersal

Question 16

epidemics or pandemics with high case fatality rates decrease population size

Answer 16

Infectious disease

Question 17

natural restriction to the area over which animals roam

Answer 17

Home range -

Question 18

a finite number of animals can exist in aterritory

Answer 18

Territoriality

Question 19

when crowding occurs, the socially weaker animals are forced out

Answer 19

. Social dominance

Question 20

group selection at species level

Answer 20

Wynne-Edwards Hypothesis

Question 21

the geographical location in the physical environment which the particular organism occupies best, in which it thrives best.

Answer 21

ecological niche

Question 22

– lice have their own niche by tending to be host-species-specific, thus avoiding competition

Answer 22

Louse Infestations

Question 23

intracellular parasites occupy a niche in cells. There are several advantages to this type of existence, such as safety from humoral antibodies and the avoidance of competition with extracellular agents.

Answer 23

Intracellular Parasitism

Question 24

this is the phenomenon when one type of an agent present in a niche may prevent or delay infection with other types.

Answer 24

Epidemiological Interference

Question 25

a basic network that shows the linear flow of nutrients and energy from one trophic level to another.

Answer 25

food chain

Question 26

a multitude of interconnected food chains at many trophic levels

Answer 26

food web

Question 27

geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.

Answer 27

ecosystem

Question 28

the smallest spatial unit providing conditions for life in an ecosystem. This contrasts with a niche, which describes the functional position of an organism in a community.

Answer 28

biotope

Question 29

s the collection of living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) in a biotope.

Answer 29

biocenosis

Question 30

used synonymously with biocenosis, and sometimes it refers to a large biocenosis.

Answer 30

biotic community

Question 31

major biotic communities

Answer 31

biomes

Question 32

said to have occurred when plants and animals (and also microbes, soil and microclimate) have evolved to a stable, balanced relationship

Answer 32

ecological climax

Question 33

a junction of two ecosystems.

Answer 33

ecological interface

Question 34

comes from the Greek autos = self, chthon = earth; an ecosystem “coming from the land itself”; e.g. tropical rain forests, deserts.

Answer 34

Autochtonous ecosystems

Question 35

comes from the Greek anthropos = man, erg = to create; an ecosystem “created by man”; e.g. cultivated pastures, towns.

Answer 35

Anthropurgic ecosystems

Question 36

comes from the Greek syn = along with, anthropos = man; an ecosystem that is in contact with man; e.g. rubbish dumps.

Answer 36

Synanthropic ecosystems

Question 37

the study of diseases in relation to the ecosystems in which they are found; aka medical ecology, horizontal epidemiology, and medical geography.

Answer 37

Landscape epidemiology

Question 38

a natural home of a disease.

Answer 38

nidus

Question 39

an area that has ecological, social and environmental conditions that can support a disease.

Answer 39

nosogenic territory

Question 40

nosogenic territory in which a particular disease is present. Not all nosogenic territories may be a nosoarea.

Answer 40

nosoarea

Question 41

refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment

Answer 41

Natural history of disease

Question 42

stage of subclinical disease, extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms, is usually called the, for infectious diseases

Answer 42

incubation period

Question 43

for chronic diseases

Answer 43

latency period

Question 44

Most diagnoses are made during the stage of ______

Answer 44

clinical disease.

Question 45

give the three prevention and the natural history of disease

Answer 45

promoting health screening and early detection rehabilitation, support

Question 46

what is the iceberg concept of disease?

Answer 46

describes the quantitative differences in the manifestation of disease in populations. It assumes that typically a substantial number of exposed individuals remain uninfected (base of the iceberg). These animals could be susceptible to infection in the future or develop immunity as a consequence to exposure.

Question 47

give the iceberg concept of disease clinical diseases

Answer 47

death, severe disease, mild illness

Question 48

Occurs irregularly and haphazardly. This implies that appropriate circumstances have occurred locally, producing small, localized outbreaks.

Answer 48

SPORADIC

Question 49

what are the two senses to describe the endemic

Answer 49

usual frequency, constant presence

Question 50

The term implies a stable state; if a disease is well understood, then its endemic level is predictable. can be applied not only to overt disease but also to disease in the absence of clinical signs and to levels of circulating antibodies.

Answer 50

endemic

Question 51

high proportion of animals affected; the disease is continuously present to high level, affecting all age groups equally.

Answer 51

Hyperendemic’

Question 52

most animals are affected

Answer 52

holoendemic

Question 53

moderate proportion of animals affected

Answer 53

‘Mesoendemic’

Question 54

a relatively small proportion of animals affected

Answer 54

‘Hypoendemic’

Question 55

originally was used to describe a sudden, usually unpredictable, increase in the number of cases of an infectious disease in a population. an occurrence of an infectious or non-infectious disease to a level in excess of the expected (or endemic) level.

Answer 55

EPIDEMIC

Question 56

one in which all cases are infected from a source that is common to all individuals,

Answer 56

‘common source epidemic

Question 57

a common source epidemic in which the period of exposure is brief

Answer 57

point epidemic

Question 58

an epidemic caused by an infectious agent in which the initial or primary cases excrete the agent, and thus infect susceptible individuals which then become the secondary cases

Answer 58

propagating epidemic

Question 59

A widespread epidemic that usually affects a large proportion of the population. Many countries may be affected.

Answer 59

pandemic

Question 60

a state of optimal physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

Answer 60

Health

Question 61

refers to the entry of a living agent into an animal’s body and sets up disturbance in body function.

Answer 61

Infection

Question 62

an alteration of the body that interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of bodily functions. It is an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on normal function.

Answer 62

Disease

Question 63

the ability to cause infection or to invade the body of a host organism.

Answer 63

Infectivity

Question 64

the ability of the infecting agent to cause disease in the host.

Answer 64

Pathogenicity

Question 65

enumerate the infectious disease

Answer 65

. Bacterial b. Viral c. Fungal d. Parasitic

Question 66

enumerate the non-infectious diseases

Answer 66

. Nutritional b. Metabolic c. Toxicities d. Allergies e. Idiopathic diseases

Question 67

the degree of pathogenicity of an organism; a virulent organism is highly pathogenic, or can cause severe disease.

Answer 67

Virulence

Question 68

Infection of a host by a microbe and the development of disease in the host are influenced by the interplay of factors in the host, microbe and the environment

Answer 68

epidemiologic triad of disease