2nd year Abdominal > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ascites?

A

A collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity

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2
Q

Define chromaffin cells?

A

the cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

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3
Q

Define endoscopy?

A

a means of looking inside the human body by utilizing an endoscope

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4
Q

Define exudate ascites?

A

a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity that may be associated with cancer

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5
Q

Define hematocrit?

A

the lab. value that indicates the amount of RBC’s in blood

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6
Q

Define leukocytosis?

A

an elevated WBC count

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7
Q

Define nuclear medicine?

A

a diagnostic imaging modality that utilizes the administration of radionuclides into the human body for analysis of the function of organs, or the treatment of various abnormalities

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8
Q

Define oncocytes?

A

large cells of glandular origin

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9
Q

Define paracentesis?

A

procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the abdominal cavity for diagnostic/therapeutic reasons

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10
Q

Define parietal peritoneum?

A

portion of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavity

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11
Q

Define radiography?

A

a diagnostic imaging modality that uses ionizing radiation for imaging bones, organs, and some soft tissue structures

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12
Q

Define thoracentesis?

A

procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the pleural cavity for diagnostic/therapeutic reasons

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13
Q

Define transudate ascites?

A

a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cirrhosis.

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14
Q

Define visceral peritoneum?

A

a portion of the peritoneum that is closely applied to each organ

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15
Q

Clinical indications for an abdominal/ retroperitoneal scan?

A
  • abdominal, flank, and/or back pain
  • signs/symptoms like jaundice or hematuria
  • palpable abnormalities (mass or organomegaly)
  • abnormal lab values/abnormal previous imaging exams
  • follow-up of known/suspected abnormality
  • search for metastatic disease/occult primary neoplasm
  • eval. of suspected congenital abnormalities
  • abdominal trauma
  • pre/post-transplant eval.
  • planning/guidance of invasive procedure
  • search for free/loculated fluid (retro & peritoneal)
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16
Q

Patient prep for gallbladder/abdominal procedure?

A

NPO ATLEAST 4 hours, 8 hours optimal

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17
Q

Why should patients be NPO before abdominal exams?

A

can eliminate presence of bowel gas, prevents contracted gallbladder due to recent food intake

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18
Q

T/F: Most renal exams can be performed without the patient fasting?

A

True, though some labs may want patient well-hydrated

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19
Q

When should diabetic patients be scanned?

A

Early in the morning to prevent hypoglycemic incidents

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20
Q

What is universally obtained prior to invasive procedures?

A

patient consent

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21
Q

What are common invasive procedures performed in sonography departments?

A
  • thoracentesis
  • paracentesis
  • organ biopsies
  • mass biopsies
  • abscess drainages
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22
Q

True/False: Biopsies can be performed free-handed?

A

True

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23
Q

What previous exams should be reviewed by the sonographer before the exam begins?

A

All previous relatable imaging and lab evals.

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24
Q

What does leukocytosis indicate?

A

presence of infection

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25
Patients with some form of "-it is" probably have what?
infection, and leukocytosis
26
What does a DECREASE in hematocrit indicate?
some type of bleeding (ex. recent trauma or hemorrhage)
27
Describe comet tail artifact
a reverberation artifact caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces (seen with adenomyomatosis of GB)
28
Describe mirror image artifact
produced by strong reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper than the correct location (seen posterior to liver and diaphragm)
29
Describe posterior (acoustic) enhancement
produced when the sound beam is barely attenuated through fluid (seen posterior to GB, renal cysts, ascites)
30
Describe reverberation artifact
caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes (seen as echogenic region in the ant. aspect of the gallbladder)
31
Describe ring-down artifact
a type of reverberation that appears as a solid streak or a chain of parallel bands radiating away from a structure (seen with gas)
32
Describe shadowing artifact
caused by attenuation of the sound beam | seen posterior to calculi and bone
33
What is the peritoneum?
The double lining of the abdominal cavity
34
What does the peritoneum consist of?
a parietal and visceral layer
35
Describe the parietal peritoneum?
forms a closed sac, except for two openings in the female pelvis, providing passage for fallopian tubes
36
Describe the visceral peritoneum?
serosal layer covering each organ
37
List the intraperitoneal organs
- gallbladder - liver (except bare area) - ovaries - spleen - stomach
38
Are the retroperitoneal organs covered anteriorly or posteriorly with peritoneum?
anteriorly
39
What two sections can the abdominal parietal peritoneum be divided into?
the greater sac and lesser sac
40
Where is the greater sac of the abdominal parietal peritoneum found?
extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis
41
Where is the lesser sac of the abdominal parietal peritoneum found?
posterior to the stomach
42
Describe potential spaces
outpouching in the peritoneum found between organs
43
List the retroperitoneal organs
- abdominal aorta - kidneys - abdominal lymph nodes - adrenal glands - ascending and descending colon - duodenum - IVC - pancreas - prostate gland - ureters - urinary bladder - uterus
44
What kinds of fluid can ascites be?
serosal fluid, pus, blood, urine, or a combination
45
How can exudate ascites appear?
as complex fluid with loculations and can produce matting of the bowel
46
How can transudate (benign) ascites appear?
consists only of serosal fluid, appears simple and anechoic
47
What pathologies are associated with ascites?
- acute cholecystitis - cirrhosis - congestive heart failure - ectopic pregnancy - malignancy - portal hypertension - ruptured AAA
48
Where is the subphrenic space?
inferior to diaphragm
49
The posterior subhepatic space is AKA
Morrison's Pouch
50
Where is the lesser sac?
between stomach and pancreas
51
Where are paracolic gutters?
extend alongside the ascending and descending colon
52
What is an adenoma?
tumor of glandular origin, found in most organs
53
Define angiomyolipoma
tumor of blood vessels, muscles and fat, found often in kidneys
54
Define focal nodular hyperplasia
abnormal accumulation of cells within a focal region of an organ, found often in liver
55
Define granuloma
tumor consisting of a group of inflammatory cells, found in the liver and spleen
56
Define gastrinoma
tumor that secretes gastrin, found in pancreas
57
Define hamartoma
tumor consisting of an overgrowth of normal cells of an organ, found in kidney
58
Define hemangioma
tumor consisting of blood vessels, found in liver, spleen, kidney
59
Define hematoma
localized collection of blood, found in any organ/tissue affected by trauma
60
Define insulinoma
tumor that secretes insulin, found in pancreas
61
Define lipoma
tumor that consists of fat, found in liver, spleen, kidney
62
Define oncocytoma
tumor consisting of oncocytes, found in kidney
63
Define pheochromocytoma
tumor that consists of chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland, found in adrenal gland
64
Define teratoma
tumor that consists of tissue from all three germ cell layers
65
Define urinoma
localized collection of urine, found next to kidney transplant
66
Describe adenocarcinoma
cancer of glandular origin, found in the pancreas and GI tract
67
Describe angiosarcoma
cancer in the lining of vessels (lymphatic or vascular, found in spleen
68
Describe choriocarcinoma
cancer that consists of trophoblastic cells, found in testicle
69
describe cholangiocarcinoma
cancer of bile ducts, seen in biliary tree
70
Describe cystadenocarcinoma
cancer that is fundamentally adenocarcinoma with cystic components, found in pancreas
71
Describe embryonal cell carcinoma
cancer that is of germ cell origin, found in testicle
72
Describe follicular carcinoma
cancer of aggressive abnormal epithelial cells, found in thyroid
73
Describe hepatocellular carcinoma
cancer that originates in the hepatocytes, liver
74
Describe hypernephroma (RCC)
cancer that originates in tubules of kidney
75
Describe lymphoma
cancer of the lymphatic system, found in spleen and kidney
76
Describe papillary carcinoma
cancer that has formation of many irregular, fingerlike projections, found in thyroid
77
Describe seminoma
cancer that originates in the seminiferous tubules, found in testicle
78
Describe TCC
Cancer that originates in the transitional epithelium of an organ or structure, found in bladder, ureter, kidney
79
Describe yolk sac tumor
cancer that is of germ cell origin
80
What are common malignant solid pediatric abdominal masses?
- neuroblastoma - nephroblastoma (Wilms) - Hepatoblastoma
81
Where are neuroblastomas found?
adrenal glands of children
82
``` Transitional cell carcinoma is commonly found in all of the following locations except: A. liver B. renal pelvis C. Urinary bladder D. ureter ```
A. liver
83
The neuroblastoma is a malignant pediatric mass commonly found in:
adrenal gland
84
The pheochromocytoma is a benign mass commonly located in
adrenal gland
85
``` Which is not considered an intraperitoneal organ? A. liver B. pancreas C. gallbladder D.spleen ```
b. pancreas
86
``` Which of the following is not considered a retroperitoneal organ? A. abdominal lymph nodes B. kidneys C. adrenal glands D. ovaries ```
D. ovaries
87
The hypernephroma may also be known as:
renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
88
A type of reverb. artifact caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces, like gas bubbles describes
comet tail artifact
89
The term cholangiocarcinoma denotes
bile duct carcinoma
90
The hepatoma is a
malignant tumor of the liver
91
The hepatoblastoma is a
malignant tumor of the pediatric liver
92
A Wilm's tumor is AKA
nephroblastoma
93
An angiosarcoma would most likely be discovered in the
gallbladder
94
A gastrinoma would most likely be seen in the
pancreas
95
The space located behind the liver and stomach, and posterior to the pancreas is the
lesser sac
96
``` Which is an intraperitoneal organ? A. left kidney B. aorta C. IVC D. liver ```
D. liver
97
Which is a malignant testicular neoplasm? A. neuroblastoma B. hepatoma C. yolk sac tumor D. hamartoma
C. yolk sac tumor
98
The oncocytoma is a mass noted more commonly in the
kidneys
99
These potential spaces extend alongside the ascending and descending colon on both sides of the abdomen
paracolic gutters
100
This common tumor of the kidney consists of blood vessels, muscle, and fat
angiomyolipoma
101
``` Which is not a pediatric malignant mass? A. hepatoblastoma B. neuroblastoma C. pheochromocytoma D. nephroblastoma ```
C. pheochromocytoma
102
A tumor that consists of tissue from all three germ cell layers is the
teratoma
103
A benign tumor that consists primarily of blood vessels best describes
hemangioma
104
The insulinoma is a
benign pancreatic tumor
105
A tumor that consists of a group of inflammatory cells best describes the
granuloma
106
A tumor that consists of a focal collection of blood
hematoma
107
The malignant testicular tumor that consists of the trophoblastic cells
choriocarcinoma
108
Which lab values would be most helpful in evaluating a patient with recent trauma?
hematocrit
109
Which lab value would be helpful for evaluating a patient with infection?
WBC count
110
The artifact most commonly encountered posterior to a gallstone
shadowing
111
A collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cancer is
exudate ascites
2nd year Abdominal
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