Chapter 1

Question 1

food chain

Answer 1

• the best representation of relationships in the natural world

Question 2

essential

Answer 2

• the nutrient is necessary for life
• the nutirent cannot be synthesized by the body

Question 3

macronutrient

Answer 3

• nutrient needed in relatively large quantities
• the nutrients we feel hungry for and fill us up
• three: protein, carbohydrate, and fat (lipid)

Question 4

carbohydrate

Answer 4

• main purpose is to supply energy
• the only fuel that the brain can use

Question 5

simple carbohydrates

Answer 5

• are sugars

Question 6

complex carbohydrates

Answer 6

• include starch and fiber
• made up of polymers of sugars

Question 7

polymer

Answer 7

• a molecule consisting of a repeating chain of one smaller molecule
  
  • starch is a polymer of a sugar

Question 8

calories

Answer 8

• a unit of energy

Question 9

Protein

Answer 9

• makes up most of the dry weight of the body
• used to form muscle and connective tissue, bone and skin
• example: meats,fish, poultry, beans, dairy products, and nuts

Question 10

enzyme

Answer 10

• a protein that regulates body processes through its role in controlling chemical reactions
• a protein

Question 11

energy is found in 3 macronutrients:

Answer 11

1. carboydrate
2. lipid
3. protein

Question 12

micronutrients

Answer 12

• nutrients needed in relatively small quantities.
• Vitamins and minerals

Question 13

two groups of vitamins

Answer 13

1. soluble in fat
   
   1. A, D, E, K
2. soluble in water
   
   1. Vitamin C, thiamin

Question 14

Vitamins are organic

Answer 14

• which means they contain the element carbon

Question 15

Minerals are inorganic

Answer 15

• they contain no carbon

Question 16

2 Types of Minerals

Answer 16

1. Major minerals
2. Trace minerals

Question 17

Major minerals

Answer 17

• needed in relatively large amounts although less than macronutrients

Question 18

Trace minerals

Answer 18

• needed in very tiny amounts

Question 19

phytochemicals

Answer 19

• a large group of chemicals produced by plants, many of which have physiologic effects on the human body
• important for chronic disease prevention
• they are not considered nutrients because they are not essential.

Question 20

Anthropometric data

Answer 20

• heigh and weight
• sometimes peercent body fat
• help asses growth or body weight

Question 21

Biochemical

Answer 21

• blood tests, urine tests
• examples: blood sugar, blood cholestoral, and hemoglobin

Question 22

Clinical data

Answer 22

• amiograms, electrodiagrams
• evaluate heart disease

Question 23

Dietary data

Answer 23

• records of what you eat

Question 24

anecdotal

Answer 24

• evidence of an individual nature, without rigorous examination

Question 25

placebo

Answer 25

* a drug or other substance with no inherent treatment value which affects an individual through the psychological power of their belief in its efficacy

Question 26

hypothesis

Answer 26

* an untested working assumption that serves as the starting point of scientific investigation

Question 27

experimental group

Answer 27

* in an experiment, the group that receives whatever treatment is being studied * also known as the treatment group

Question 28

control group

Answer 28

* in an experiment, the group that receives no treatment, used as a comparison for the experimental group

Question 29

outcome

Answer 29

* the measure being studied in an experiment, such as incidence of colds or long cancer, as a result of some exposure, such as Vitamin C or smoking

Question 30

case studies

Answer 30

* anecdotal evidence published in a scientific journal

Question 31

epidemiological study

Answer 31

* a natural experiment that a population conducts on itself probably without knowing it

Question 32

exposure

Answer 32

* the hypotheitcal cause of an outcome * ex. lung cancer may result from exposure to tobacco smoke

Question 33

correlatioin

Answer 33

* the relationship between two associated things * correlation does not prove cause and effect * fire and smoke are associated, not correlated

Question 34

confounder

Answer 34

* a factor associated with some outcome that confuses or coufounds the determination of true cause and effect

Question 35

double blind

Answer 35

* a study in which neither the researcher nor the study subject knows which treatment the subject is getting

Question 36

generalizability

Answer 36

* the degree to which one finding can be assumed to apply to some other group or situation

Question 37

What are the safest sources of nutrition information

Answer 37

* scientific journals that have a panel of experts

Question 38

ethnography

Answer 38

* the study of indigenous human cultural and ethnic groups

Question 39

indigenous

Answer 39

* having originated in a particular geographic area, as in indigenous, or native people