1
Q
7 areas that indicate abnormality
A
- Subjective distress
- Maladaptiveness
- Statistical deviency
- Violation of the standards of society
- Social discomfort
- Irrationality and unpredictability
- Dangerousness
2
Q
Subjective distress
A
- indicative of abnormality
- a person experiencing psychological pain
3
Q
Maladaptiveness`
A
- indicator of abnormality
- behaviour that interferes with well-being and ability to enjoy work/relationships
- not all disorders involve maladaptiveness (ex con artist with antisocial PD is still making a living - maladaptive for and toward society but not themselves)
4
Q
Statistical deviancy
A
- indicator of abnormality
- not all statistically rare behavior is abnormal (eg perfect pitch, genius)
- more likely to be considered abnormal if it is statistically rare and undesirable (we make value judgements!)
5
Q
Violation of the standards of society
A
- indicative of abnormality
- may depend on magnitude of violation and how often rule is violated by others
6
Q
Social discomfort
A
- indicative of abnormality
- violation of an unwritten social rule
7
Q
Irrationality and unpredictability
A
- indicative of abnormality
- behaviour that is particularly unconventional/unexpected
8
Q
Dangerousness
A
- indicative of abnormality
- behaviour that can harm others or self
9
Q
DSM-5
A
- APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013)
- provides info needed to diagnose mental disorders
- common language
- important for research
10
Q
Nomenclature
A
naming system used to create a common language and structure information
11
Q
How to reduce stigma around mental disorders?
A
- increased contact
- learning more about biology behind mental illness does not reduce stigma
12
Q
Taijin Kyofusho
A
- anxiety disorder quite prevalent in Japan
- marked fear that one’s body, body parts, or body functions may offend, embarrass, or otherwise make others feel uncomfortable
13
Q
Ataque de nervios (“attack of nerves”)
A
- clinical syndrome not in DSM, found in ppl of Latino descent (esp. Caribbean)
- triggered by a stressful event
- crying, trembling, uncontrollable screaming, seizure-like fit
14
Q
Epidemiology
A
study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviours in a given population
15
Q
Prevalence
A
- number of active cases in a population during any period of time
- typically expressed in percentages
- point prevalence: prevalence of actual active cases at one point in time
- 1-year prevalence: counts anyone who experienced the disorder at any point in the year
- lifetime prevalence: includes recovered cases as well
16
Q
Incidence
A
- number of new cases of a disorder over a given period of time
17
Q
Any Anxiety Disorder - Prevalence of DSM4 mental disorders in US adults (%)
A
1-year: 18.1%
Lifetime: 28.8%
18
Q
Any Mood Disorder - Prevalence of DSM4 mental disorders in US adults (%)
A
1-year: 9.5%
Lifetime: 20.8%
19
Q
Any Substance-Abuse Disorder - Prevalence of DSM4 mental disorders in US adults (%)
A
1-year: 3.8%
Lifetime: 14.6%
20
Q
Any Disorder - Prevalence of DSM4 mental disorders in US adults (%)
A
1-year: 26.2%
Lifetime: 46.4% (likely an underestimate!)
21
Q
Most common individual mental disorders in US (top 5)
A
- Major depressive disorder
- Alcohol abuse
- Specific phobia
- Social phobia
- Conduct disorder
22
Q
Comorbidity
A
- presence of 2 or more disorders in the same person
- especially high in people who have severe forms of mental disorders
23
Q
Acute
A
Disorder of sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms
24
Q
Chronic
A
Long-standing or frequently recurring disorder, often with progressing seriousness
25
Etiology
Factors that are related to the development (or cause) of a particular disorder
26
Case studies
- provides detailed information
- subject to bias
- conclusions have low generalizability
27
Self-report data
- data can be misleading, reports are subjective
28
Observational approaches
- eg counting how often someone does a behaviour, measuring levels of substances in blood, urine, etc.
- much clinical research involves mix of self-report and observational methods
29
External validity
extent to which findings can be generalized beyond the study itself
30
Internal validity
extent to which a study is methodologically sound, free of confounds or other sources of error, and able to be used to draw valid conclusions
31
Comparison group
- aka control group
- do not exhibit disorder being studied but are comparable in all other major respects to the criterion group (group being studied)
32
Positive correlation
A HIGH score on one variable is associated with a HIGH score on another variable
33
Negative correlation
A HIGH score on one variable is associated with a LOW score on another variable
34
Correlation coefficient
- measure of the strength of a correlation, denoted by the symbol r
- between 0 and 1 (closer to 1 = stronger association between variables)
- (+) or (-) sign indicates positive or negative correlation
35
Statistical significance
- denoted by p
- measure of probability that a research finding could have occurred by chance alone
- conventionally, correlations with p < .05 are statistically significant
36
Effect size
- strength of the relationship between two variables in a statistical population
- independent of sample size!
37
Meta-analysis
- statistical approach that calculates and then combines effect sizes from all studies in a specific area (used to summarize research findings)
- each study can be thought of as being equivalent to an individual participant in a conventional research design
- better than literature review at summarizing findings
38
The 'third variable problem'
when a correlation between two variables could be due to their shared correlation with an unmeasured third variable
39
Retrospective research strategy
- looking back in time at what patients were like before they developed a mental disorder
- challenging because memories can be faulty or selective
- could be issues with investigators finding only what they expect to find
40
Prospective research
- looking ahead in time
- identifying individuals who have a higher than average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered
- using this strategy, we are much closer to establishing causal relationships
41
Longitudinal design
A study that follows people over time and that tries to identify factors that predate the onset of a disorder
42
Direction of effect problem
- correlational research does not provide conclusions about directionality
- ie does A cause B or does B cause A
- to resolve this we need to use an experimental research approach
43
Experimental research approach
- all factors are controlled but one (the factor that could have an effect on a variable or outcome of interest)
- researchers manipulate that factor (independant variable) and observe changes in outcome of interest (dependant variable)
44
Double-blind study
participants and experimenter interacting with them are unaware of their condition
45
Placebo
comes from the latin meaning "I shall please"
46
Single-case research designs
An experimental research design that involves only one subject
47
ABAB design
- Often used in single-case research designs
- Baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behaviour, treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B).
48
Trichotillomania
disorder that involves repetitive pulling out of hair and can produce bald spots
49
Analogue studies
- studies in which a researcher studies not the true item of interest but an approximation to it
- often used to refer to animal studies, but not exclusively
PSYC 337
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