Chapter 1 Flashcards by Analyn Schwebach

What is the definition of chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter

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What is the definition of a chemical?

A chemical is a substance that has the same composition and properties wherever it is found.

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Chang determined that sales of the house salad had dropped

Observation

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Chang decided that the house salad needed a new dressing

Hypothesis

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: In a taste test, Chang prepared four bowls of sliced cucumber, each with a new dressing: sesame seed, olive oil and balsamic vinegar, creamy Italian, and blue cheese

Experiment

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Tasters rated the sesame seed salad dressing as the favorite

Observation

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: After two weeks, Chang noted that the orders for the house salad with the new sesame seed dressing had doubled

Observation

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Chang decided that the sesame seed dressing improved the sales of the house salad because the sesame seed dressing enhanced the taste

Conclusion

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Lucia notices that the dye in a design fades when the shirt is washed

Observation

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Lucia decides that the dye needs something to help it combine with the fabric

Hypothesis

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: She places a spot of dye on each of four shirts and then places each one separately in water, salt water, vinegar, and baking soda and water

Experiment

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Lucia notices that the dye has faded on the shirts in water, salt water, and baking soda, whereas the dye did not fade on the shirt soaked in vinegar

Conclusion

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Lucia thinks that the vinegar binds with the dye so it does not fade when the shirt is washed

Hypothesis

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: One hour after drinking a glass of regular milk, Jim experienced stomach cramps

Observation

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Jim thinks he may be lactose intolerant

Hypothesis

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Jim drinks a glass of lactose-free milk and does not have any stomach cramps

Experiment

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Jim drinks a glass of regular milk to which he has added lactase, an enzyme that breaks down lactose, and has no stomach cramps

Experiment

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Sally thinks she may be allergic to shrimp

Observaton

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Yesterday, one hour after Sally ate a shrimp salad, she broke out in hives.

Observation

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Today, Sally had some soup that contained shrimp, but she did not break out in hives

Experiment

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Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion: Sally realizes that she does not have an allergy to shrimp

Conclusion

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What are four things you can do to help yourself to succeed in chemistry

There are several things you can do that will help you successfully learn chemistry: forming a study group, retesting, doing Try It First before reading the Solution, checking Review, working Sample Problems and Study Checks, working Practice Problems and checking Answers, reading the assignment ahead of class, and keeping a problem notebook.

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What are four things that would make it difficult for you to learn chemistry

Cramming, not going over practice problems, not going to class, not reading the textbook

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A student in your class asks you for advice on learning chemistry. Which of the following might you suggest?

forming a study group

skipping class

asking yourself questions while reading the text

waiting until the night before an exam to study

answering the Engage questions

Study These Flashcards

Forming a study group, asking yourself questions while reading the text, answering the engage questions

A student in your class asks you for advice on learning chemistry. Which of the following might you suggest? studying different topics at the same time not reading the text; it’s never on the test attending review sessions working the problems again after a few days keeping a problem notebook

Attend review sessions, working the problems again after a few days, keep a problem notebook Studying different topics at the same time can be helpful to connect concepts but can also be confusing

What is the place value for the following digits? 7.3288 (first 8) 16.1234 (6) 4675.99 (6)

Thousandths Ones Hundreds

1.16 What is the place value for the following digits? 97.5689 (5) 375.88 (7) 46.1000 (first 0)

Tenths Tens Hundredths

Evaluate: a. 15 - (-8)=___ b. -8 + (-22)=___ c. 4x(-2)+6=___

23 -30 -2

Evaluate: a. -11 - (-9) = ___ b. 34 + (-55) = ___ c. -56/8 = ___

-2 -21 -7

Solve each of the following for a: a. 4a + 4 = 40 b. a/6 = 7

9 42

Solve each of the following for b: a. 2b+7 = b+10 b. 3b - 4 = 24-b

3 7

A clinic had 25 patients on Friday morning. If 21 patients were given flu shots, what percentage of the patients received flu shots? Express your answer to the ones place. An alloy contains 56 g of pure silver and 22 g of pure copper. What is the percentage of silver in the alloy? Express your answer to the ones place. A collection of coins contains 11 nickels, 5 quarters, and 7 dimes. What is the percentage of dimes in the collection? Express your answer to the ones place

84% 72% 30%

At a local hospital, 35 babies were born in May. If 22 were boys, what percentage of the newborns were boys? Express your answer to the ones place. An alloy contains 67 g of pure gold and 35 g of pure zinc. What is the percentage of zinc in the alloy? Express your answer to the ones place. A collection of coins contains 15 pennies, 14 dimes, and 6 quarters. What is the percentage of pennies in the collection? Express your answer to the ones place.

63% 34% 43%

Write each of the following in scientific notation: 55 000 480 0.000 005 0.000 14 0.0072 670 000

5.5×10^4 4.8×10^2 5x10^-6 1.4x10^-4 7.2x10^-3 6.7x10^5

How do you calculate which number is the largest or smallest when they are in scientific notation?

Write the scientific notions as their actual number and then compare

Identify each of the following comments in the police report as an observation, a hypothesis, an experiment, or a conclusion: Gloria may have had a heart attack. Test results indicate that Gloria was poisoned. The liquid in the glass was analyzed. The antifreeze in the pantry was the same color as the liquid in the glass.

Hypothesis Conclusion Experiment Observation

Identify each of the following comments in the police report as an observation, a hypothesis, an experiment, or a conclusion: Gloria may have committed suicide. Sarah ran blood tests to identify any toxic substances. The temperature of Gloria’s body was 34 °C. The fingerprints found on the glass were determined to be her husband’s.

Hypothesis Experiment Observation Conclusion

A container was found in the home of the victim that contained 120 g of ethylene glycol in 450 g of liquid. What was the percentage of ethylene glycol? Express your answer to the ones place.

27%

If the toxic quantity is 1.5 g of ethylene glycol per 1000 g of body mass, what percentage of ethylene glycol is fatal?

0.15%

A “chemical-free” shampoo includes the following ingredients: water, cocamide, glycerin, and citric acid. Is the shampoo truly “chemical-free”?

No because everything is made of chemicals

A “chemical-free” sunscreen includes the following ingredients: titanium dioxide, vitamin E, and vitamin C. Is the sunscreen truly “chemical-free”?

No because everything is made of chemicals

According to Sherlock Holmes, “One must follow the rules of scientific inquiry, gathering, observing, and testing data, then formulating, modifying, and rejecting hypotheses, until only one remains.” Did Holmes use the scientific method? Why or why not?

Yes. Sherlock’s investigation includes making observations (gathering data), formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and modifying it until one of the hypotheses is validated.

In A Scandal in Bohemia, Sherlock Holmes receives a mysterious note. He states, “I have no data yet. It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts.” What do you think Holmes meant?

Don't jump to conclusions without first collecting solid evidence

For each of the following, indicate if the answer has a positive or negative sign: Two negative numbers are added. A positive and negative number are multiplied.

Both would be negative

For each of the following, indicate if the answer has a positive or negative sign: A negative number is subtracted from a positive number. Two negative numbers are divided.

Both would be positive

Classify each of the following statements as an observation or a hypothesis: A patient breaks out in hives after receiving penicillin. Dinosaurs became extinct when a large meteorite struck Earth and caused a huge dust cloud that severely decreased the amount of light reaching Earth. A patient’s blood pressure was 110/75.

Observation Hypothesis Observation

Classify each of the following statements as an observation or a hypothesis: Analysis of 10 ceramic dishes showed that four dishes contained lead levels that exceeded federal safety standards. Marble statues undergo corrosion in acid rain. A child with a high fever and a rash may have chickenpox.

Observation Observation Hypothesis

Select the correct phrase(s) to complete the following statement: If experimental results do not support your hypothesis, you should pretend that the experimental results support your hypothesis modify your hypothesis do more experiments

Modify your hypothesis Do more experiments

Select the correct phrase(s) to complete the following statement: A hypothesis is confirmed when one experiment proves the hypothesis many experiments validate the hypothesis you think your hypothesis is correct

Many experiments validate the hypothesis

Which of the following will help you develop a successful study plan? skipping class and just reading the text working the Sample Problems as you go through a chapter self-testing reading through the chapter, but working the problems later

Working the sample problems as you go through the chapter Self testing

Which of the following will help you develop a successful study plan? studying all night before the exam forming a study group and discussing the problems together working problems in a notebook for easy reference highlighting important ideas in the text

Forming a study group and discussing the problems together Working problems in a notebook for easy reference Highlighting important ideas in the text

A bag of gumdrops contains 16 orange gumdrops, 8 yellow gumdrops, and 16 black gumdrops. What is the percentage of yellow gumdrops? Express your answer to the ones place. What is the percentage of black gumdrops? Express your answer to the ones place.

20% 40%

On the first chemistry test, 12 students got As, 18 students got Bs, and 20 students got Cs. What is the percentage of students who received Bs? Express your answer to the ones place. What is the percentage of students who received Cs? Express your answer to the ones place.

36% 40%

Identify each of the following as an observation, a hypothesis, an experiment, or a conclusion: A patient has a high fever and a rash on her back. A nurse tells a patient that her baby who gets sick after drinking milk may be lactose intolerant. Numerous studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids lower triglyceride levels.

Observation Hypothesis Conclusion

Identify each of the following as an observation, a hypothesis, an experiment, or a conclusion: Every spring, you have congestion and a runny nose. An overweight patient decides to exercise more to lose weight. Many research studies have linked obesity to heart disease.

Observation Hypothesis Conclusion

How will each of the following increase your chance of success in chemistry? self-testing forming a study group reading an assignment before class

Self-testing allows you to check on what you understand. Forming a study group can motivate you to study, fill in gaps, and correct misunderstandings by teaching and learning together. Reading the assignment before class prepares you to learn new material.

How will each of the following decrease your chance of success in chemistry? studying only the night before an exam not going to class not practicing the problems in the text

Studying only the night before an exam: Leads to cramming, which causes stress, poor retention, and shallow understanding of concepts. Not going to class: You miss important explanations, demonstrations, and chances to ask questions, making it harder to keep up. Not practicing the problems in the text: Chemistry relies heavily on problem-solving skills, so skipping practice means less understanding and poor exam performance.

Classify each of the following as an observation, a hypothesis, an experiment, or a conclusion: The bicycle tire is flat. If I add air to the bicycle tire, it will expand to the proper size. When I added air to the bicycle tire, it was still flat. The bicycle tire has a leak in it.

Observation Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion

Classify each of the following as an observation, a hypothesis, an experiment, or a conclusion: A big log in the fire does not burn well. If I chop the log into smaller wood pieces, it will burn better. The small wood pieces burn brighter and make a hotter fire. The small wood pieces are used up faster than burning the big log.

Observation Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion

Chapter 1 Flashcards

(59 cards)