chapter 1

Question 1

Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 1

-“father of microbiology”
-discovered the microbial world
-produced a simple microscope

Question 2

an organism too small to be seen without a microscope

Answer 2

microorganism

Question 3

an organism or virus too small to be seen without a microscope

Answer 3

microbe

Question 4

Linnaeus

Answer 4

developed a taxonomic system used for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together

Question 5

any unicellular microorganism that lacks a nucleus

Answer 5

prokaryotic
ex: bacteria and archaea

Question 6

any organism made up of cells containing a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane

Answer 6

eukaryotic
ex: animals, plants, algae, fungi, protozoa

Question 7

What are the 6 basic categories of microorganisms?

Answer 7

-bacteria
-archaea
-fungi
-protozoa
-algae
-small multicellular animals

Question 8

prokaryotic microorganisms typically having cell walls composed of peptidoglycan

Answer 8

bacteria

Question 9

domain that includes all prokaryotic cells having archaeal rRNA sequences
typically found in extreme conditions

Answer 9

archaea

Question 10

eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls and obtain food from other organisms

Answer 10

fungi
(includes molds and yeasts)

Question 11

single-celled eukaryotes that lack a cell wall and are similar to animals in their nutritional needs and structure

Answer 11

protozoa

Question 12

Protozoa are capable of locomotion because of …

Answer 12

pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

Question 13

extensions of a cell that flow in the direction of travel

Answer 13

pseudopods

Question 14

numerous short protrusions of a cell that beat rhythmically to propel

Answer 14

cilia

Question 15

extensions of a cell but are fewer, longer, and more whiplike

Answer 15

flagella

Question 16

eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic organisms with simple reproductive structures

Answer 16

algae

Question 17

Small multicellular animals includes …

Answer 17

parasitic worms

Question 18

The Golden Age of Microbiology proved what 3 concepts?

Answer 18

-Living things come from other living things
-Microorganisms can cause fermentation and disease
-Certain procedures and chemicals can limit, prevent, and cure infectious diseases

Question 19

the theory that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter

Answer 19

spontaneous generation

Question 20

Redi’s experiment

Answer 20

used decaying meat and observed the growth of maggots when unsealed but no growth when sealed

Question 21

Needham’s experiment

Answer 21

boiled beef gravy and sealed vials with cork yet still observed life after a few days despite heating the vial

Question 22

Spallanzani’s experiment

Answer 22

Boiled infusions longer and sealed vials by melting their slender necks closed
Remained clear unless exposed to air

Question 23

What can be concluded from Spallanzani’s experiment?

Answer 23

-Needham either failed to sufficiently heat vials or had not sealed them tight enough
-Microorganisms exist in the air and can contaminate experiments
-Spontaneous generation of microorganisms does not occur - all living things arise from other living things

Question 24

Louis Pasteur’s experiment

Answer 24

-Boiled infusions and then bent the neck of the flask into an S
-Allowed air to enter while preventing the introduction of dust and microbes into the broth
-remained free of microbes

Question 25

What can be concluded from Pasteur's experiment with infusions?

Answer 25

Microbes in the liquid were the progeny of microbes that has been on the dust particles in the air (Disproved spontaneous generation)

Question 26

process by which scientist attempt to prove or disprove hypotheses through observations of the outcomes of carefully controlled experiments

Answer 26

Scientific Method (observations --> questions --> hypothesis --> experiment --> answer)

Question 27

the formation of alcohol from sugar

Answer 27

fermentation

Question 28

What can be concluded from Pasteur's experiment with fermentation?

Answer 28

Fermentation proceeds only when living cells were present and that different types of microorganisms growing under varied conditions produced different end products

Question 29

a process of heating the grape juice just enough to kill most contaminating bacteria

Answer 29

Pasteurization

Question 30

Buchner's experiment

Answer 30

-showed that fermentation does not require living cells and demonstrated the presence of enzymes

Question 31

cell-produced proteins that promote chemical reactions

Answer 31

enzyme

Question 32

the sum of all chemical reactions, both anabolic and catabolic, within an organism

Answer 32

metabolism

Question 33

Germ Theory of Diseases

Answer 33

hypothesis formulated by Pasteur that microorganisms are responsible for disease

Question 34

a microorganism capable of causing disease

Answer 34

pathogen

Question 35

the study of the causation of disease

Answer 35

etiology

Question 36

Robert Koch

Answer 36

-dominated the field of etiology -saw rod-shaped bacteria in all anthrax cases

Question 37

Hesse

Answer 37

-scientist that developed that use of agar and introduced it to Koch -Allowed Koch to isolate specific types of bacteria -Hypothesis: each colony consisted of the progeny of a single cell

Question 38

Koch's postulates are a series of steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease. What are the 4 postulates?

Answer 38

1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts 2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host 3. When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host should get the disease 4. The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host

Question 39

widely used technique for staining microbial samples by applying a series of dyes that leave some microbes purple and others pink

Answer 39

Gram stain

Question 40

the pink cells in gram stains

Answer 40

gram-negative

Question 41

the purple cells in gram stains

Answer 41

gram-positive

Question 42

Semmelweis and handwashing

Answer 42

-Physician that observed an increase in deaths in obsetric unit with medical students working with cadavers -Required students to wash hands with chlorinated lime water -Mortality rates dropped significantly

Question 43

Lister’s antiseptic technique

Answer 43

-Surgeon that began spraying wounds, surgical incisions, and dressings with phenol -Significantly reduced mortality

Question 44

Nightingale and nursing

Answer 44

-Nurse who introduced cleanliness and other antiseptic techniques into nursing practice -Fought for hospital reformation and the implementation of public health policies -Founder of modern nursing

Question 45

Snow and epidemiology

Answer 45

-Physician that discovered that many cholera cases were caused by inadequate sewage treatment and contaminated water supply -Study was the foundation for infection control and epidemiology

Question 46

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Answer 46

Inoculated daughter with pus from infected smallpox patient

Question 47

Jenner's vaccine

Answer 47

-Hypothesis: inoculation with infectious material from a milder disease, cowpox, can provide safer protection against smallpox -Inoculated a boy with cowpox pus and boy was immune to smallpox -Began the field of immunology

Question 48

study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens

Answer 48

immunology

Question 49

_____ later capitalized on Jenner's work by producing vaccines

Answer 49

Pasteur

Question 50

weakened strains of various pathogens for use in preventing the serious diseases they cause

Answer 50

vaccines

Question 51

Ehrlich's "Magic Bullets"

Answer 51

-Hypothesis: chemicals could be used to kill microorganisms differently -Wanted to find a magic bullet that would destroy pathogens while remaining nontoxic to humans -Lead to the branch of chemotherapy

Question 52

a branch of medical microbiology in which chemicals are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganism

Answer 52

chemotherapy

Question 53

the study of metabolism

Answer 53

biochemistry

Question 54

the chemical reactions that occur in living organisms

Answer 54

metabolism