AP Biology > Chapter 1/2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1/2 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Emergent property

A

property around substance

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2
Q

Reductionism

A

Reduction of complex systems to more managable systems to study

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3
Q

What is the balance of reductionism with understanding emergent property

A

Systems Biology

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4
Q

System is ____

A

combination of components that function together

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5
Q

What is the goal of systems biology?

A

Construct models for behavior of whole biological systems

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6
Q

What are the 2 operations of an ecosystem?

A
  1. Nutrients cycle

2. Sunlight cycle

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7
Q

While chemical nutrients are _______, energy enters as ______ and exits as ______

A

recycled through ecosystem, light, heat

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8
Q

In all energy conversions, what happens?

A

Some is converted to thermal energy that is left as heat

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9
Q

Structure and ____ are correllated

A

function

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10
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

E: nucleus in center, organelles membrane-enclosed
P: DNA not seperated, no membrane enclosure

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11
Q

Genes along DNA encode info for what?

A

Building cells/proteins

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12
Q

Each chain link in DNA is made of what?

A

1 out of 4 nucleotides

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13
Q

Genes program the cells production of what?

A

Proteins

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14
Q

DNA provides this, while proteins do what?

A
  • Blueprint

- Carry it out

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15
Q

What is a genome

A

Whole library of genetic instruction

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16
Q

What is feedback

A

Mechanism that self-regulates processes

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17
Q

In a negative feedback, what happens?

A

The end substance inhibits enzyme earlier in process to slow down

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18
Q

In a positive feedback, what happens?

A

The end substance stimulates enzyme earlier in process to quicken it

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19
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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20
Q

Other than protista kingdoms, what are the 3 kingdoms in the eukaryote domain? What are the differences between the 3?

A
  • Plantae: photosynthesis
  • Fungi: absorbs nutrients
  • Animalia: ingestion
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21
Q

What are Darwin’s 2 points?

A
  1. Species rose from a succession of ancestors

2. The mechanism for this is natural selection

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22
Q

An ancestral species can multiply to 2 if what happens?

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A

Population is fragmented in different environments

23
Q

What are the 2 types of inquiry?

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A
  1. Discovery science: describing

2. Hypothesis-based science: explaining

24
Q

Trace elements

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A

Elements required by organisms in small sizes

25
What measures the mass of atoms and subatomic particles
Dalton
26
Atomic number
Number of protons
27
Mass number
Sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus
28
Atomic mass
Total mass of an atom (usually same as mass number)
29
Isotopes differ from normal atoms in that they...
have more neutrons
30
Radioactive isotope
Too many neutrons, nucleus decays and randomly gives off particles and energy
31
If an atom turns radioactive, what can happen?
It can change elements
32
Energy
Capacity to cause change
33
Potential energy
Energy matter possesses because of location and structure
34
Electron shells
Distance from nucleus means more energy absorbed
35
Valence electrons
Electrons on outermost shell
36
Valence shell
Outermost shell
37
When an atom is inert, what has happened?
It's valence shell has been filled
38
Orbital
3D space where electron is found most often
39
Atoms are held together by _______
chemical bonds
40
Covalent bond
Pair of valence electrons shared by 2 atoms
41
The H2 molecule has what kind of bond?
Single bond/nonpolar covalent
42
Double bond
2 pairs of electrons shared
43
Valence
Bonding capacity
44
Electronegativity
Tendency of atom to attract atoms
45
Nonpolar covalent bond
Atoms equal in electronegativity, electrons shared
46
Polar covalent bond
One atom more electronegative, creating positive/negative end
47
Ionic bond
Two atoms so unequal in attraction that an electron is taken (attraction of cation and anion
48
Sodium and chlorine form what kind of bond?
Ionic
49
Ion
Charged atom
50
Cation
Positive charged atom
51
Anion
Negative charged atom
52
In NaCl, which atom is the cation/anion?
Cation: sodium, anion: chlorine
53
Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen atom covalently bonded to electronegative atom also attracted to another electronegative atom
54
Ionic compounds/salts
Compounds formed by ionic bonds
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