AP Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

4 classes of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Long molecule consisting of monomers

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3
Q

Condensation/dehydration reaction

A

Water molecule is lost to bond two monomers

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4
Q

Enzymes

A

Macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reverse of dehydration; water molecule added to break up bond of two monomers

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6
Q

How does the process of digestion use hydrolysis and dehydration?

A
  1. Polymer enters body too big, enzymes attack polymers to quicken hydrolysis
  2. Monomers absorbed into blood for distribution to cells
  3. Can be assembled back to polymers for usage
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7
Q

Carbohydrates include…

A

sugars

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8
Q

Simplest carbs

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

What are carbohydrate macromolecules?

A

Polysaccharides

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10
Q

Monosaccharide molecular formula?

A

CH20

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11
Q

How are monosaccharides classified by?

A
  1. Location of carbonyl group (makes sugar either aldose or ketose)
  2. Number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
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12
Q

In monosaccharides, the location of the carbonyl group makes the sugar either _____ or a ______

A

aldose or a ketose

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13
Q

How do carbohydrates help body?

A

Major fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules

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14
Q

Bond between carbohydrate monomers is called a ________

A

glycosidic linkage

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15
Q

_____ is a storage polysaccharide in plants, and _____ is a storage poly in animals

A
  • starch

- glycogen

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16
Q

Starch and glycogen are completely composed of ____

A

glucose

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17
Q

Where do plants store starch?

A

Chloroplasts

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18
Q

Where do humans store glycogen?

A

Liver and muscle cells

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19
Q

The polysaccharide ___ is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

A

cellulose

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20
Q

Why are starch/glycogen and cellulose different?

A

Has B glucose linkages, while starch has A glucose linkages, making them helical

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21
Q

What makes a glucose different from b glucose?

A

A - hydroxyl always below plane

B - hydroxyl switching after each plane

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22
Q

Cellulose cannot be broken down in humans because…

A

There are no enzymes to hydrolyze b linkages of cellulose

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23
Q

How do plants use cellulose? How is it beneficial to humans?

A
  • Walls

- In paper

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24
Q

How do cows digest cellulose?

A

Have symbiotic relationship with microbes that hydrolyze b linkages in cellulose

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25
How are lipids different from other large biological molecules?
Has little/no affinity for water
26
Why are lipids hydrophobic?
Consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds
27
Most important lipids are...
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids
28
What are fats constructed from?
1 glycerol connected to 3 fatty acids
29
The linkage between glycerol and fatty acids in fats is called ____
Ester linkage
30
Saturated fatty acids vs unsaturated fatty acids
- Saturated: max number of hydrogen atoms, no double bonds | - Unsaturated: 1 or more double bonds
31
Which type of fat is solid at room temperature?
Saturated
32
Hydrogenation
Process of cenverting unsaturated fats to saturated by adding hydrogen
33
Hydrogenation creats what kind of fat?
Trans fat
34
Functions of fat?
Energy story, organ cushion, body insulation
35
Difference between structure of phospholipids and fats?
P: 1 phosphate group, 2 fatty acids F: 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids
36
Difference between characteristics of phospholipids and fats?
Phospholipids have a hydrophilic tail
37
Cholesterol is a lipid, more specifically a ____
steroid
38
If phospholipids are added to oil, what would happen?
They would form a single layer where hydrophobic tails contact with hydrocarbon regions of oil
39
Functions of protein?
Structural support, storage, transport, etc.
40
Metabolism
All chemical reactions taking place inside organisms
41
What are the polymers created from amino acids?
Polypeptides
42
What does a protein consist of?
One or more polypeptides
43
How do amino acids differ in properties?
Due to differing R groups
44
4 parts of amino acid?
amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, variable group
45
Amino acids are linked together by ____
peptide bonds
46
Sequence of amino acids determines what of protein?
Structure
47
4 levels of protein structure
- Primary: sequence of amino acids - Secondary: coils and folds in polypeptide chain - Tertiary: overall shape of polypeptide determined by R group interactions - Quaternary: overall protein strucutre resulting from aggregation of polypeptide subunits
48
Sickle-cell disease arises from an amino acid substituition in protein ____
hemoglobin
49
Denaturation
Loss of a protein's native structure due to pH change, salt concentration, or temperature
50
Chaperonins
Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
51
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by ___
genes
52
Genes are made of ____
DNA
53
Two types of nucleic acids
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | - Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
54
Functions of DNA
- DIrections for replication - Directs synthesis of mRNA - Through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
55
Where does protein synthesis occur?
In ribosomes
56
________ determine protein's _____, and ______ determine this ______
- Primary structure/polypeptides - shape - genes - primary structure
57
Families of nitrogenous bases
- Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil | - Purines: adenine, guanine
58
Sugar in DNA and RNA
DNA: deoxyribose RNA: ribose
59
Nitrogenous bases in DNA vs RNA
DNA: thymine RNA: uracile
60
Antiparallel
Arrangement when DNA double helix splits to create two backbones with 5' and 3' directions
61
Why are carbs used as a source of quick energy rather than fat?
- Less energy to break down | - Easier to access
62
Hair is chemically straightened; which levels of protein structure are affected by this?
3 to 4
63
Why are human sex hormones considered lipids?
They are steroids
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