Chapter 1

Question 1

What is Politics ?

Answer 1

Politics is the process of acquiring and maintaining control over a government, including its politics, administration and operations.

Question 2

Why can’t we keep Politics out of Policing or Police Departments ?

Answer 2

1- Police Departments must be responsive to democratic control

2- Public Policy is expressed in the laws, regulations, operating procedures, decisions , and actions taken or not taken by a governmental agency. Public policy is how agencies are guided and controlled.

3- Politics flourish in even smallest agency.

Question 3

What type of Politics we want to keep out of Policing?

Answer 3

Highly Partisan Party Politics; It has a long and unhealthy relationship with policing.

Question 4

What is a Political Machine or Machine Politics ?

Answer 4

A tightly controlled political party headed by a boss or a small autocratic group. Their purpose was to repeatedly win elections for personal gain.

Question 5

What is it called when Politicians reward loyal voters?

Answer 5

Patronage or the Spoils System.

Question 6

Pendleton Act

Answer 6

Was passed in 1883 and established the U.S Civil Service Commission to enforce its provisions and require federal employees to pass a competitive examination and be appointed on merit.

Question 7

Lexow Committee (1894-1895)

Answer 7

Named after its Chairman, was established by the New York Senate to examine Police corruption in New York City Police Department.

Question 8

Reformation Period (1900-1926)

Answer 8

Two Immediate Needs:
1-Arousing the public from its apathy and

2- Creating a conceptual cornerstone or model for improvement by separating politics and patronage, in the worst sense, from administration of governmental agencies.

Question 9

Muckrakers

Answer 9

Exposed social ills, scandals and corruption. The muckraker tradition among investigative journalists continues today.

Question 10

Three views of the Criteria making up a Profession

Answer 10

Most Commonly Identified Criteria:
a -An organized body of theoretical knowledge
b-Advanced study is needed to master knowledge
c- A code of conduct guides action
d- Prestige
e- Standards of admission
f- Professional association
g- Altruism is the driving force for wanting to practice the profession.

2- Merton’s Criteria:
a- Knowing ( systematic knowledge)
b-Doing (trained capacity and technical skill
c-Helping (knowing and doing)

3- Becker’s Criteria:
If you can get people to call you one, you are one.

Question 11

August Vollmer

Answer 11

is considered the father of modern policing in America.

Question 12

The Federal Hatch Act (1939)

Answer 12

It placed another wedge between politics and administration by forbidding federal employees from engaging in partisan political activities which also spurred similar measures “ Little Hatch Acts” that were enacted by state and local governments.

Question 13

Police College Education

Answer 13

1- Improve community relations
2- Reduce use of force
3-Improve discretionary decision-making
4-Reduce corruption
5-Redefine the role of policing

Question 14

Why did the Police Unity shift in Second half of 1960s?

Answer 14

Due to:
1- Riots and civil rights demonstrations
2-Supreme Court decisions “handcuffing” the police
3- A rise of crime rate
4- An increasingly critical press
5- A perceived lack of public support
6- The creation of civilian review boards to investigate allegations of police misconduct

Question 15

Community Oriented Policing (COP)

Answer 15

COP is the development of police strategies and programs in partnership with the community in order to deliver custom-tailored police services and solutions to problems as well as a renewed focus on crime prevention rather than crime detection.

Question 16

Zero Tolerance Policing (ZTP)

Answer 16

ZTP is based on the premise that when small infractions of the law are ignored, it creates a climate conducive to more serious crimes being committed.

Question 17

COMPSTAT

Answer 17

COMPSTAT which was implemented in the New York City Police Department in 1994 is a management control system designed to develop, analyze, and disseminate information about reported crime and to track efforts to deal with it.

Question 18

Evidence Based Policing (EBP)

Answer 18

is based on data analysis of a constellation of sources including intelligence, agency records, and scientific research.

Question 19

Hot-Spot Policing (HSP)

Answer 19

Sherman pioneered the notion of hot-spot policing by analyzing crime data. He concluded that a relatively few places/addresses in the city produced roughly half of all crimes. By concentrating on those locations “hot spots” such as open air drug markets, specific bars, etc crime could be reduced.

Question 20

What approach to fighting crime has had the quickest, and to date the most widespread impact on policing ?

Answer 20

Community Oriented Policing (COP)

Question 21

What’s the greatest challenge that confronts American Law Enforcement today?

Answer 21

Terrorist Attacks

Question 22

Mass Shootings

Answer 22

There is no legal definition of Mass Shootings. The closest to it provided by the Federal Investigative Assistance for Violent Crime Act 02 2012 is when THREE or more fatalities, excluding the death of the perpetrator, results from an active shooter attack

Question 23

According the the FBI what are some of the notices/signs of intention of Mass Shooters before acting.

Answer 23

80% of them use Social media posts,
Verbal statements
letters
Essays

Question 24

What is the unequal Badge Problem

Answer 24

During 1950’s and 1960’s Southern Police Departments had na informal practice that minority officers were not arrest majorities for fear of riots. Minority officers were not given a patrol vehicle but instead were dropped off that their assigned beats and picked up at the end of the shift by white officers.

Question 25

How did minority officers retaliate to the unequal badge problem?

Answer 25

They would get in the back seat when picked up from the beat by white officers, so it appeared the Majority/white officers was a chauffeur.