Chapter 2

Question 1

What has Zero Tolerance Policing (ZTP) been re- labeled as ?

Answer 1

Disorder Policing because it was accompanied by an increase in citizens complaints and law suits alleging police misconduct

Question 2

What are the Five (5) elements that Community Policing (COP) program fosters?

Answer 2

1-Commitment to Crime Prevention
2-Public Scrutiny of the Police
3- Accountability of police actions to the Public
4-Customized Police Service
5-Community Organization

Question 3

What are the Three Complimentary Elements, in present practice, utilizing Community policing as a proactive approach?

Answer 3

1-Community Partnerships
2-Problem Solving using Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment (SARA)
3-Organizatioanl Transformation

Question 4

What are the most common types of restructuring associated with Community Policing (COP)?

Answer 4

1- A decentralization of authority ( allowing all levels of the department to have an increased level of independence and decision-making.

2- A flattened hierarchy which collapses bureaucratic layers and allows for increased efficiency and better communication

3- A reduced number of specialized units with resources instead being devoted to the direct delivery of police services to the public

4- An emphasis on team work which promotes problem- solving and the provision of services by groups of employee

5- Increasing non-sworn personnel, which provide cost saving because their salaries are typically less than sworn officers which also allows sworn officers to be used more efficiently.

Question 5

Where did the Problem Oriented Policing (POP) originate from ?

Answer 5

In 1983 Chief Darrell Stephen of New port News Police Department, Virginia

Question 6

What does Problem Oriented Policing focus on?

Answer 6

POP is a innovative style of community policing. Its goal was to reassess the traditional, incident -driven aspects of police work, and fundamentally change the way New Port News Police Department viewed its mission.

Question 7

What is the four step problem solving mythology that came out of Problem Oriented policing?

Answer 7

Scanning (Look for possible problems and define them as of the daily responsibility)
Analysis ( Collect information and analyze)
Response( The knowledge gained from analysis is used to develop and implement solutions)
Assessment (Evaluate the impact and effectiveness. Was the original problem actually solved or elevated?)

Question 8

Whats the ultimate challenge in Problem Oriented Policing?

Answer 8

its not the identification of problems but rather the integration of the community with the police in developing effective ways of dealing with them.

Question 9

What did the research from Northwestern University of Chicago
in regards to Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy CAPS?

Answer 9

It found that CAPS had a significant impact in crime levels and police community relations. The report published in 2004 found decreased crime, decrease fear of crime and increased levels of trust between community and the police.

Question 10

Where did Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy start ?

Answer 10

It started in Chicago in 1993 by Mayor Richard Daley and Police Superintendent Matt Rodriguez. It was designed to move the police department from traditional, reactive incident -driven agency to a more pro active and community oriented department.

Question 11

What were the key features of CAP?

Answer 11

Crime control and prevention

Neighborhood orientation

Increased geographic responsibility

Structured response to calls for police service

Proactive, problem solving approach.

Question 12

Why do Police Department use Community Advisory Board ?

Answer 12

Police departments that utilize Community Advisory Board usually recruit a diverse group volunteer citizens to serve as community representatives;

1- To voice community concerns

2- Give input into police policies and procedures,

3- Participate in research

4- Support community outreach endeavors

5- Provide feedback on police initiatives

6- Help identify crime trends and much more.

Question 13

What did the Chief of Staff for Hennepin County Sheriff’s department, Julianee Ortman state in reference to Community Advisory and Review Board?

Answer 13

The key to success is having a partner that provides services to folks in the community we don’t otherwise have contact with, then building from there in order to educate them about how to work with law enforcement.

Question 14

What does the International Association of Chiefs of Police recommend in order to form a lasting and effective Community Advisory Board ?

Answer 14

Police Departments should:

1- Plan how to communicate the role of the advisory board with officers, command staff, or elected officials.

2- Advertise the formation of the advisory board widely and appropriately for each population of your city and notify the community when the department starts accepting applications.

3- Create an inclusive space designed to accommodate the community’s diverse needs, such as accessibility for persons with disability, interpretation services, even childcare and meals for children so parents with various economical background can participate.

4- Host meetings in different locations so members start to understand the diversity of needs in your city

5- Select applicants that represent different sectors of the community’ together the board should represent the skills, experiences of the whole community.

6- Try to acquire between 10 and 20 board members - enough to represent your community, but not enough to stymie discussions.

7- Consider involving a third party facilitator to help develop the board’s process s, including establishing a clear mission and ground rules and setting up guidelines for members’ interactions with the media.

8- Police departments should be aware that such boards CANNOT just be symbolic. Input and suggestions from community advisory board MUST make their way into decision-making processes in law enforcement agencies or departments risk damaging the trust and the partnerships they are attempting to build.

Question 15

What is CODEFOR?

Answer 15

Computer Optimized Deployment Focus On Results (CODEFOR) is a form of COMPSTAT used in Minneapolis. This strategy was designed specifically reduce crime and it involves every geographic and structural unit within the Minneapolis Police Department.

Question 16

Why was one of the first police departments to generate specific crime statistics each week AND use a much more refined process of tabulating success or failure

Answer 16

The Minneapolis Police Department

Question 17

What has the research found in reference to community policing strategies ?

Answer 17

Despite the widespread popularity of community policing strategies, most studies evaluating this type of policing have not found that it greatly impacts crime or disorder. At best community policing reduces citizens fear of crime and produces core challenges to police organizations at they attempt to restructure and adopt to community policing ideologies.

Question 18

What is Evidence Based Policing?

Answer 18

It is a paradigm that utilizes the scientific method to identify, implement, evaluate, and modify the methods that are most effective in reducing crime.

Question 19

What are some positive points of Evidence-Based Policing?

Answer 19

1-Evidence- Based policing reinforces the concept of police transparency- it is much easier to explain motives, goals, objectives and plans to then public when there is solid evaluation research to support the effort.

2-Evidence-Based Policing can be used for hiring, training and developing /implementing policies and procedures which may strengthen the personal base, decreased inappropriate use of force and advance the notion of fair an impartial policing.

Question 20

Whats a most effective tactic at reducing crime?

Answer 20

More aggressive arrest techniques in specific area during a specific times aimed at specific predatory crimes may be the most effective tactic in reducing crime.

Question 21

What is Sherman’s Triple-T Strategy?

Answer 21

Targeting, Testing and Tracking.

Question 22

What does Targeting involve?

Answer 22

Targeting involves assessing relative levels of harm and allocating police recourses based on this measure; in other words focusing on those issues that police can lawfully address that will have the most impact.

Question 23

What does testing focus on?

Answer 23

Testing looks at examining research for evidence of success (or failure) to determine how a strategy is working.

Question 24

What does tracking focus on?

Answer 24

Tracking is an effort to continually check performance and implementation, through programs that might include Compstat, and even review of BWC

Question 25

What has National Research Council noted in reference to current police strategies?

Answer 25

Standard models of policing emphasizing random patrols and unfocused enforcement in to effective in reducing crime. Community policing strategies aimed at reducing crime, fear of crime and disorder have mixed results. Police Strategies focused and tailored on specific types of crime, criminals, and geographic locations are more effective. Problem-oriented policing is effective. Future models of policing should be supported by strong and independent evaluation research.

Question 26

What is Hot-Spot Policing?

Answer 26

Much like Evidence-Based Policing, Hot-spot Policing reflect the the direct application of empirical data that show that crime is not randomly dispersed by rather is concentrated in specific areas. This type of policing forces the police to identify specific areas with unusual concentrations of crime and the direct their resources at those places.

Question 27

What kind of tactics does Hot-Spot Policing include?

Answer 27

Direct patrol, saturation patrol, aggressive traffic enforcement, zero- tolerance and disorder enforcement and even focuses on problem oriented policing techniques.

Question 28

What is Directed and Saturation Patrols?

Answer 28

Is a tactic community used in policing in conjunction of Hot-Spot policing. Direct patrol involves directing of patrol officers to specific locations during their patrol shift, Saturation patrol concentrates additional officers on specific locations at specific times for proactive enforcement at high risk times.

Question 29

What may be the most effective tactic in reducing crime?

Answer 29

More aggressive arrest techniques in specific areas during specific times aimed at specific predatory crimes may be the most effective tactic in reducing crime.

Question 30

What is Intelligence Based Policing (ILP) ?

Answer 30

ILP is not a tactic nor is it a crime -reduction strategy but rather a business model for policing. It is an information-organizing process that allows police agencies to better understand their crime problems and take a measure of the recourse available to be able to decide on an enforcement tactic or prevention strategy best designed to control crime. In other words Intelligence-Based Policing utilizes criminal intelligence analysis as a means to accomplish crime prevention and reduction through best practices and partnerships with other entities.

Question 31

What is Predictive Policing ?

Answer 31

Predictive Policing is a proactive approach to crime and disorder that uses information and analytical tools to achieve the goal of crime prevention while requiring fewer resources.

Question 32

What is crime analysis ?

Answer 32

Crime analysis is the process of identifying patters and relationships between crime data and the relevant sources to prioritize and tagged police activity

Question 33

What is Tactical Crime or Crime Specific Analysis ?

Answer 33

Tactical Crime or Crime Specific Analysis is a tabular or graphic display of reported crimes a with given pattern of time and/or location. It is often used to detect pattern of crimes such as auto thefts, robberies, burglaries. during various time periods.

Question 34

What is Strategic Crime Analysis?

Answer 34

The study of crime and/or social problems in a specific area in an effort to determine long-term pattern of activity as well as to evaluate police responses and organizations procedures. Strategic Crime Analysis is often used to determine the effectiveness of police over a given period of time or in the evaluation of specific strategies.

Question 35

What is Link Analysis ?

Answer 35

A graphic portrayal of associations and relatihsips among people, organizations, events, activities and locations from a given point in time. This technique is a powerful analytic tool used to reveal the hidden connections among criminals and the structure of clandestine, organized crime entities often found in street gangs, white color rime syndicates, large drug trafficking cartels and terrorist organizations.

Question 36

What is digital evidence Analysis?

Answer 36

Reports from smartphones can yield location data, messaging, call histories, search engine history, and much more in all types of investigations.

Question 37

Visual Investigative Analysis (VIA)

Answer 37

Charting that depicts key events of criminal activity in chronological order. VIA is used to show of involvement subject. This method is especially convincing in conspiracy cases and can also be used as a planning tool to focus the resources of an investigative effort.

Question 38

Case Analysis and Management System (CAMS

Answer 38

Computerized case management in which large amounts of data are compiled and indexed for each retrieval of specific item. This system is used to clarify relationships and calculate the probability of associations.

Question 39

Intelligence Analysis

Answer 39

the identification of networks of offenders and criminal activity often associated with organized crime, gangs, truck trafficking, prostitution rings and terrorist organizations.

Question 40

Geographic Information System ( GIS)

Answer 40

is used in dispatching police units by providing directions to locations; address history; and location of near by fires and waste hazards, high power lines etc.

Question 41

Social Media

Answer 41

The most common use of social media in policing is for notifying the public of public safety concerns followed by community outreach

Question 42

Improving police -Community Relations

Answer 42

Building trust and legitimacy (Evidence shows that when people perceive authorities to be acting in procedurally just ways, they are more likely to obey the law. Policy and oversight- Policies in police agencies must reflect community values Technology and Social media Community policing and Crime Reduction Training and Education Officer Welles and Safety ( Recognizing and promoting the importance of officer safety at all levels of police organization increase officer awareness.