1
Q
What are Common goods?
A
Goods people can use, but are limited.
2
Q
What is Democracy?
A
where political power rests in the hands of the people.
3
Q
What is Direct Democracy?
A
Where people participate DIRECTLY in making government decisions instead of reps.
4
Q
What is Elite Theory?
A
Claiming political power is in the hands of a SMALL elite group
5
Q
What is Government?
A
How society organizes themself and allocates authority to accomplish collective goals
6
Q
What is Ideology?
A
Belief and ideals that help shape political opinion–>Policy
7
Q
What is Intense Preference?
A
Beliefs and preferences based on STRONG FEELINGS on issues.
8
Q
What is Latent Preferences?
A
Beliefs and preferences people are NOT deeply committed too that can change later on.
9
Q
What is the Majority Rule?
A
A fundamental principle of democracy; the majority should have the power to make decisions
10
Q
What are Minority Rights?
A
Protections for those who are not part of the majority.
11
Q
What is a Monarchy?
A
Where there is only one ruler, that’s hereditary, holding political power.
12
Q
What is an Oligarchy?
A
Where a handful of elite society members hold political powers.
13
Q
What is a Partisanship?
A
Strong support, or blind allegiance, for a specific political party.
14
Q
What is the Pluralist Theory?
A
Claims political power rests in the hands of groups of people.
15
Q
What is Political Power?
A
Influence over a government’s institutions, leadership, or policies.
16
Q
What is Politics?
A
A process who gets what and how
17
Q
What are Private Goods?
A
Goods provide by private business that can only by those who pay for them.
18
Q
What are Public Goods?
A
Goods provided by Government that anyone can use and are available to all without charge.
19
Q
What is a Representative Democracy?
A
A form of Government where voters elect representatives to make decisions & PASS LAWS BEHALF OF THE PEOPLE.
20
Q
What is a Social Capital?
A
Connections with others & the willingness to interact & aid them.
21
Q
What is a Toll Good?
A
A good that is available to many but is used if they pay the price.
22
Q
What is Totalitarianism?
A
Where government is all-powerful & citizens have no rights.
23
Q
What is an Anti-Federalist?
A
Those who don’t support ratification of the Constitution.
24
Q
What are the Articles of Confederation
A
1st basis for the new nation’s government, created an alliance of sovereign states held together by a WEAK GOVERNMENT.
25
What is a Bicameral Legislature?
A legislature with two houses, U.S. Congress
26
What are the Bill of Rights?
1st 10 amendments of the Constitution; most were designed to protect fundamental rights/liberties
27
What are Checks and Balances?
Allowing one branch to limit the exercise of power by another. Makes parts of government work together.
28
What is the Confederation?
A highly decentralized form of government; sovereign states form a union for purposes like mutual defense.
29
What is the Declaration of Independence?
Written in 1776, American colonists proclaimed independence from Great Britain.
30
What is the definition of Enumerated Powers?
Powers given explicitly to the federal government by the Constitution (Article 1, Sec-8).
31
What powers are given via Enumerated Powers?
To regulate state/foreign commerce
raise/support armies
declare war
coin money
& conduct foreign affairs
32
What is the Federal System?
where power is divided between state & national government.
33
What are Federalists?
Those who support ratification of the Constitution.
34
What is the Great Compromise?
A compromise between Virginia & New Jersey Plan.
35
What was created from the Great Compromise?
Created two-house Congress; representation based on population in the House of Reps
& equal rep of states in senate.
36
What are Natural Rights?
Rights to life, liberty, & property. Believed to be given by God, no government can take it away.
37
What was the New Jersey Plan?
A plan that called for a ONE-house national legislature; each state receive one vote
38
What was the Virginia Plan?
a plan for a TWO-house legislature; reps would be elected to the lower-house based on each state population; reps for upper would be picked by the lower.
39
What is the Republic?
Where political power rests in the hands of the people, & is exercised by elected reps. (not a monarch)
40
What are the Reserved Powers?
Any powers NOT prohibited by the Constitution or delegated to the NG; powers reserved to the states and denied federal government.
41
What are the Separation of Powers?
The sharing of powers among three separate branches of government
42
What is a Social Contract?
An agreement between people & government in which citizens consent to be governed as long as the government protects their natural rights
43
What is a Supremacy Clause?
The statement in Article VI of the Constitution that federal law is superior to laws passed by state legislature.
44
What are The Federalist Papers?
eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay in support of ratification
45
What's the Three-Fifths Compromise?
Compromise between northern & southern states.
46
What was the rule for the Three-Fifths Compromise?
Called for counting of all a state's free population & 60% of its enslaved population for both federal taxation & rep in Congress.
47
What is an Unicameral Legislature?
A legislature with ONLY one house, aka Confederation Congress or Legislature proposed by NJ Plan
48
What is a Veto?
The power a president holds to reject a law proposed by Congress
49
What is the Bill of Attainder?
Legislative action declaring someone guilty WITHOUT a trial: prohibited under the Constitution.
50
What is a Block Grant?
A type of grant that comes with LESS stringent federal administrative conditions & provide recipients more latitude over how to spend grant funds
51
What is a Categorical Grant?
A federal transfer formulated to LIMIT recipients discretion in the use of funds & subject them to STRICT administrative criteria
52
What are Concurrent Powers?
Shared state and federal powers, taxing, borrowing, & enforcing laws to establish court systems.
53
What is Cooperative Federalism?
Both levels of government coordinate their actions to solve national problems, becoming a "marbled cake"
54
What is Creeping Categorization?
A process in which the national gove attaches new administrative requirements to block grants, or, supplants them with new categorical grants.
55
What is Devolution?
Powers from central government in a unitary system are delegated to subnational units
56
What is Dual Federalism?
States & National government exercise exclusive authority in distinctly delineated spheres of jurisdiction (layered cake)
57
What's the Elastic Clause?
Article 1, Sec-8, enables NG "to make Laws necessary & proper for carrying"
58
What is Ex post facto law?
A law criminalizing an act retroactively; prohibited under Constitution.
59
What is Federalism?
An arrangement that creates 2 relatively autonomous levels of government.
60
What is the Full faith & Credit clause
Article IV, Sec-1,requires states to accept court decisions, public acts, & contracts of other states.
61
What is Full faith & Credit clause also referred to?
The Comity Provision
62
What is General revenue sharing?
a type of grant that places MINIMAL restrictions
63
What is Immigration federalism?
A gradual movement of states into the immigration policy domain traditionally handled by fed-gove
64
What is New federalism?
premised on the idea that the decentralization of policies enhances administrative efficiency, reduces publix spending, improves outcomes.
65
What is Nullification?
A doctrine asserting if a state deems a fed-law unconstitutional, it can be nullified
66
Who promoted Nullifications?
John Calhoun of South Carolina, 1830's
67
What is the Privileges & immunities clause?
Article IV, Sec-2, prohibits states from discriminating against out-of-staters.
68
What is prohibited to discriminate in the Privileges & immunities clause?
Access to courts,
legal protection,
& property & travel rights.
69
What is Race-to-the-bottom?
where states compete to attract business by lowering taxes/regulations. Often to workers detriment
70
What are unfunded Mandates?
Fed-law & regulations that impose obligations on state/local gove without fully compensating for said cost.
71
What is the Unitary system?
centralized system where the subnational gove is dependent on CG, where substantial authority is centralized.
72
What is Venue shopping?
where interest groups select level & branch of gove they calculate will be most receptive to their policy goals
73
What is Writ of habeas corpus?
a petition enabling someone in custody to petition a judge to determine if that person's detention is legal.
74
What is Blue law?
Law originally created to uphold a religious/moral standard, EX) against selling alcohol on Sundays.
75
What are Civil liberties?
Limitations on the power of government, designed to ensure personal freedoms.
76
What are Civil rights?
Guarantees equal treatment by government authorities
77
What are Common-law rights?
a right of peoples rooted in legal tradition & past court ruling, rather than Constitution
78
What is an Conscientious objector?
person who claims the right to refuse to perform military service.
79
What are the grounds for Conscientious objector?
Freedom of thought,
Conscience,
or religion.
80
What is Double jeopardy?
A prosecution pursued twice at the same level of gove for the same criminal action.
81
What is a Due process clause?
Provision of 5th/14th amendments that limit gove power to deny people, life,liberty, or property, on an unfair basis
82
What is Economic liberty?
Right of individuals to obtain, use, and trade things of value for their own benefit.
83
What is Eminent domain?
Power of gove to take/use property for a public purpose after compensating the owner.
84
What is Eminent domain also called?
Taking clause of the 5th Amendment
85
What is an Establishment clause?
Provision of 1st Amendment prohibiting the gove from endorsing a state-sponsored religion
86
What is an Exclusionary rule?
A requirement from Mapp V. Ohio case, where evidence obtained from an illegal search can't be used.
87
What is a Free-exercise clause?
Provision of the 1st Amendment prohibiting the gove from regulating religious beliefs/practice.
88
What is a Miranda warning?
statement by law enforcement officers informing a person arrested, subject to interrogation, of their rights.
89
What is Obscenity?
Acts/statements that are extremely offensive by contemporary standards.
90
What is the Patriot Act?
In the wake of 9/11 attacks that broadened federal powers to monitor electronic communications
91
What's the full name of the Patriot Act?
USA PATRIOT Act
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92
What is a Plea bargain?
Agreement between the defendant/prosecutor, where the defendant pleads guilty to the charge(s), in exchange for more lenient punishment.
93
What is Prior restraint?
a gove action that stops someone from doing something before they are able to
94
What is a Probable cause?
Legal standard for determining whether a search/seizure is constitutional/a crime has been committed.
95
What is the Right to Privacy?
The right to be free of government intrusion.
96
What is a Search warrant?
a legal doc, signed by judge, allowing police to search or seize persons/property
97
What is Selective incorporation?
Gradual process of making guarantees of Bill of Rights (so far) apply to state & national governments
98
What is Self-incrimination?
Action/statement that admits guilt/responsibility for a crime
99
What is the Sherbert test?
standard for deciding whether a law violates the free exercise clause. Struck down unless compelling gove interest at stake. Accomplishes its goal with least restrictive means.
100
What is Symbolic speech?
Form of expression that does not use writing/speech communicates an idea
101
What is the Undue burden test?
A means of deciding whether a law that makes it harder for women to seek abortions is constitutional
102
What is Affirmative action?
The use of programs/policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination
103
What is the American Indian Movement (AIM)?
The Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973
104
What are Black codes?
Laws passed immediately after the Civil War that discriminated against freed people and other African Americans and deprived them of their rights.
105
What is Brown v. Board of Education?
1954, Plessy v. Ferguson declared segregation and "separate but equal" to be unconstitutional in public education
106
What does Chicano mean?
A term adopted by some Mexican American civil rights activists to describe themselves & those like them.
107
What is Civil disobedience?
An action taken in violation of the letter of the law to demonstrate that the law is unjust.
108
What is a Comparable worth?
A doctrine calling for the same pay for workers whose job require the same level of education, responsibility, training, or working conditions.
109
What is a Coverture?
A legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased.
110
What is de facto segregation?
Segregation that results from the private choices of individuals
111
What is de jure segregation?
Segregation that results from government discrimination
112
What is the Direct action?
Civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregations practices through public demonstrations
113
What is Disenfranchisment?
The revocation of someone's right to vote
114
What is Equal protection clause?
a Provision of the 14th Amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law
115
What is the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?
The proposed amendment to the constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex
116
What is the Glass ceiling?
An invisible barrier caused by discrimination that prevents women from rising to the highest levels of an organization
117
What is the Grandfather clause?
Provision in some southern states that allowed illiterate White people to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the 15th amendment was ratified
118
What is a Hate crime?
Harassment, bullying, etc, acts directed against someone because of bias against that person's sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, or disability
119
What is Intermediate scrutiny?
standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex; to demonstrate an important gove interest is a stake in treating men differently from women
120
What are the Jim Crow Laws?
State & Local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined Black voting rights in the south after Reconstruction
121
What are Literacy tests?
Tests that required the possible voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text & answer questions about it; used to disenfranchise racial or ethnic minorities
122
What is Plessy v. Ferguson?
1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed "separate but equal" racial segregation under the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment
123
What are Poll taxes?
Annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote
124
What is a Rational basis test
The standard used by courts to decide forms of discrimination; burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently
125
What is Reconstruction?
The period from 1865-1877 during which the governments of Confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union
126
what is Stonewall Inn?
Greenwich Village, NY, where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested police treatment of the LGBTQ community.
127
What is Strict scrutiny?
The standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on race/ethnicity/national origin, or religion
128
What is Title IX?
The section of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex.
129
What was the Trail of Tears?
The name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838-1839
130
What is the Understanding tests?
Tests requiring prospective voters in some states to be able to explain the meaning of a passage of text/answer questions about it related to citizenship. Used as a way to disenfranchise Black voters
131
What is Socialism?
Socialism is an economic and political system where the community or government owns and controls the "means of production,"
132
What is Capitalism?
an economic system where private individuals or companies, not the government, own and control the means of production, with the primary goal of making a profit
133
What is Communism?
political and economic ideology that aims to create a classless society in which the means of production are collectively owned.
134
Who Participated in the Ratification debate?
Anti-Federalists & Federalists. Well known Federalists were Hamilton, Madison, and Jay.
135
What are Formula Grants?
Federal/state funding based on mathematical formulas established by law/regulation
136
What are the three types of Federal Grants?
Formula grants
Categorical grants
& Block grants
137
What rights exists in the Constitution for people accused of crimes?
The 6th and 5th Amendments; Speedy/public trial, right to attorney, confront witnesses, know charges, right to a jury, and protection against self-incrimination/double jeopardy.
138
What Amendment relates to religion?
The 1st Amendment with Establishment clause & Free Exercise clause
139
What are the first 5 Amendments of freedoms?
1.Freedom of Expression
2.Bear arms
3.Limits military to occupy civilian homes.
4.Protects homes from unreasonable searches,
5.& secures safeguards for suspects
140
Does the Bill of Rights apply to the states?
Yes
AG & Zoology
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