1
Q
What are Agents of Political Socialization?
A
A person/entity that teaches & influences others about politics through information
2
Q
What is the Bandwagon effect?
A
Increased media coverage of candidates who poll high
3
Q
What is the Bradley effect?
A
The difference between a poll result and an election result in which voters gave a socially desired poll response than a true response that might be seen as racist.
4
Q
What is Classical Liberalism?
A
Political Ideology based on belief in individual liberties & rights and the idea of free will, with little role from the government.
5
Q
What is Communism?
A
In theory the government controls the economic and political system in order to prevent exploitation to workers creating equal society. But in practice its used for government using force to gain control.
6
Q
What is Covert Content?
A
Ideology slanted information presented as unbiased information in order to influence public opinion.
7
Q
What is Diffuse Support?
A
A widespread belief that a country and its legal system are legitimate
8
Q
What is an Exit Poll?
A
an Election poll taken by interviewing voters as they leave a polling place.
9
Q
What is Fascism?
A
a political system of total control by the ruling party or political leader over the economy, military, society, and culture and often the private lives of citizens.
10
Q
What is the Favorability poll?
A
public opinion poll measures a publics positive feeling about a candidate/ politician
11
Q
What are Heuristics?
A
Shortcuts or rules of thumb decision making
12
Q
What is Horserace coverage?
A
day-to-day media coverage of candidates performance in the election
13
Q
What is the Leading question?
A
A question worded to lead a respondent to give a desired answer
14
Q
What is a Margin of Error?
A
a number that states how far the poll results may be from the actual preferences of the total population of citizens
15
Q
What is Modern Conservatives?
A
A political ideology that prioritizes individual liberties, preferring a smaller government that stays out of economy
16
Q
What is Modern Liberalism?
A
a political ideology focused on equality and supporting government intervention in society and the economy if it promotes equality
17
Q
What is Over Content?
A
Political information whose author clarifies that only one side is presented
18
Q
What is Political Culture?
A
Prevailing political attitudes/beliefs within a society/region
19
Q
What is the Political Elite?
A
a political opinion leader who alerts the public to changes or problems
20
Q
What is Political Socialization?
A
the process of learning the norms/practices of a political system through other societal institutions
21
Q
What is Public Opinion?
A
Collection of opinions of an individual/ group on a topic, person, or event
22
Q
What is a Push Poll?
A
Politically biased campaign information presented as a poll in order to change minds
23
Q
What is a Random Sample?
A
A limited number of people from the overall population selected in such a way that each has an equal chance to be chosen
24
Q
What is a Representative Sample?
A
A group of respondents demographically similar to the populations of interest
25
What is Socialism?
A political/economic system which government uses the authority to promote social/economic equality. Giving basic services and have rich contribute more
26
What is the Straw Poll?
an informal and unofficial election poll conducted with non-random people
27
What is the Theory of Delegate Representation ?
A theory that assumes the politicians is in office to be the voice of the people and to vote only as the people want
28
What is Traditional Conservation?
A political ideology supporting the authority of the monarchy and the church in the belief that government provides the rule of law
29
Do Presidents lose popularity over time?
Yes, because they are criticized for anything that went wrong in the political sphere/government
30
What greatly influences people's political socialization?
Family and school influences them at a young age
31
What does term diffuse support mean?
People having high level support for government
32
Are significant changes in someone's political views rare?
Yes
33
What are Congressional approving ratings mainly affected by?
By domestic events
34
Where do a Majority of pollings take place today?
In person; phone
35
What is Ballot Fatigue?
When a voter stops voting for offices and initiatives at the bottom of a long ballot
36
What is a Caucus?
a type of candidate nomination that happens in town-hall style format rather than a day-long election. Presidential elections
37
What is the Chronic Minority?
Voters who belong to political parties that are not competitive because they are too small to become majority or because of the electoral college distribution in their state
38
What is a Closed Primary?
An election where only voters registered with a party may vote for that parties candidate
39
What is the Coattail effect?
When a popular presidential candidate helps candidates from the same party win their own election
40
What are Delegates?
Party members who are chosen to represent a specific candidate at the parties state/national level nominating convention
41
What is the District system?
Electoral votes are divided between candidates based on who wins districts and or the state
42
What is Early voting?
An accommodation that allows voting up to two weeks before Election day
43
What is an Electoral College?
Constitutionally created group of individuals, chosen by the states, with the responsibility of formally selecting U.S President
44
What is an Incumbency advantage?
the advantage held by officeholders that allow them to often win reelection
45
What is Incumbent?
A current holder for a political office
46
What is initiative?
Law/Constitutional amendment proposed and passed by voters and subject to review by the states courts; aka proposition
47
What are Midterm elections?
occurs in even-numbered years between presidential election years, in the middle of presidents terms
48
What is an Open Primary?
an election in which any registered voter may vote in any party’s primary or caucus
49
What is a Platform?
the set of issues important to the political party and the party delegates
50
What are Political Action Committees? (PACs)
organizations created to raise money for political campaigns and spend money to influence policy and politics
51
What is a Recall?
the removal of a politician or government official by the voters
52
What is a referendum?
a yes or no vote by citizens on a law or candidate proposed by the state government
53
What is a Residency requirement?
the stipulation that citizen must live in a state for a determined period of time
before a citizen can register to vote as a resident of that state
54
What is a Shadow Campaign?
a campaign run by political action committees and other organizations without the coordination of the candidate
55
What is Straight-ticket voting?
the practice of voting only for candidates from the same party
56
What are Super PACs
Expenditure-Only Committees; organizations that can fundraise and spend as they please to support or attack a candidate but not contribute directly to a candidate or strategize with a candidate’s campaign
57
What is a Top-Two primary?
a primary election in which the two candidates with the most votes, regardless of party, become the nominees for the general election
58
What is Voter Fatigue?
the result when voters grow tired of voting and stay home from the polls
59
What is the Voting-age population?
the number of citizens over eighteen
60
What is the Voting-eligible population?
the number of citizens eligible to vote
61
What is the Winner-take-all system?
all electoral votes for a state are given to the candidate who wins the most votes in that state
62
Why is winning the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary important for a presidential campaign
Winning in these early states build momentum
63
Which group was the last to win the right to vote in the United States
18-year olds
64
Constitutionally, when does the presidential election occur in the United States?
On the Tuesday after the first Monday of November
65
Voter __________ is measured by the number of people who vote in an election, divided by the number of people who were eligible to vote
Turnout
66
A party convention involves a gathering of __________ who nominate the party's presidential candidate.
Delegates
67
What is Agenda Setting?
the media’s ability to choose which issues or topics get attention
68
What is a Beat?
the coverage area assigned to journalists for news or stories
69
What is Citizen Journalism?
video and print news posted to the Internet or social media by citizens rather than the
news media
70
What is Cultivation Theory?
the idea that media affect a citizen’s worldview through the information presented
71
What is a Digital Paywall?
the need for a paid subscription to access published online material
72
What is a Equal-time rule?
an FCC policy that all candidates running for office must be given the same radio and
television airtime opportunities
73
What is a Fairness doctrine?
a 1949 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) policy, now defunct, that required holders of broadcast licenses to cover controversial issues in a balanced manner
74
What is Framing?
the process of giving a news story a specific context or background
75
What is the Freedom of Information Act? (FOIA)
a federal statute that requires public agencies to provide certain types of information requested by citizens
76
What is a Hypodermic theory?
the idea that information is placed in a citizen’s brain and accepted
77
What are the Indecency regulations?
laws that limit indecent and obscene material on public airwaves
78
What is a Libel?
printed information about a person or organization that is not true and harms the reputation of the person or organization
79
What is Mass media?
the collection of all media forms that communicate information to the general public
80
What is the Minimal effects theory?
The idea that the media have little effect on citizens
81
What is Muckracking?
News Coverage focusing on exposing corrupt business and government practices
82
What was the Party press era?
period during the 1780s in which newspaper content was biased by political partisanship
83
What is Priming?
the process of predisposing readers or viewers to think a particular way
84
What is Prior restraint?
a government action that stops someone from doing something before they are able to do it (e.g., forbidding someone to publish a book they plan to release)
85
What are Public relations?
biased communication intended to improve the image of people, companies, or
organizations
86
What is the Reporter's privilege?
The right of a journalist to keep a source confidential
87
What is Slander
spoken information about a person or organization that is not true and harms the reputation of the person or organization
88
What is Soft news?
News presented in an entertaining style
89
What are Sunshine laws?
Laws that require government documents and proceedings to be made public
90
What is Yellow Journalism?
Sensationalized coverage of scandals and human interest stories
91
Since 2004, sound bites have typically been around ___________ long.
8 seconds
92
Laws that require federal and many state government proceedings and documents be made available to the public are known as __________.
Sunshine laws
93
When a news show takes a broad look at an issue but skips a number of details, they are engaging in ______________.
Thematic framing
94
The ______________ is an independent agency that licenses television and radio stations.
The Federal Communications Commission
95
which sector in politics is rarely affected by the media?
Congress
96
Between the 1960s and 1990s, presidents most successfully reached citizens and gained support for policies using which medium?
Television
97
In 2004, the Federal Communications Commission fined CBS for which of the following violations?
Nudity at the Super-Bowl halftime show
98
Why is Congress rarely affected by media coverage?
Because what is talked about in the media is something the people in congress already discuss with their members/committees
99
What is Bipartisanship?
a process of cooperation through compromise
100
What is a Critical election?
an election that represents a sudden, clear, and long-term shift in voter allegiances
101
What is a Divided government?
a condition in which one or more houses of the legislature is controlled by the party in
opposition to the executive
102
What is First-past-the-post?
a system in which the winner of an election is the candidate who wins the greatest
number of votes cast, also known as plurality voting
103
What is Gerrymandering?
the manipulation of legislative districts in an attempt to favor a particular candidate
104
What is a Majoritarian voting?
a type of election in which the winning candidate must receive at least 50 percent of the votes, even if a run-off election is required
105
What is a Majority party?
the legislative party with over half the seats in a legislative body, and thus significant power to control the agenda
106
What is a Minority party?
the legislative party with less than half the seats in a legislative body
107
What is a Moderate?
an individual who falls in the middle of the ideological spectrum
108
What are Party Identifiers
individuals who represent themselves in public as being part of a party
109
What is a Party organization?
the formal structure of the political party and the active members responsible for
coordinating party behavior and supporting party candidates
110
What is a Party platform?
the collection of a party’s positions on issues it considers politically important
111
What is Party polarization?
the shift of party positions from moderate towards ideological extremes
112
What is Party realignment?
A shifting of party alliances within the electorate
113
What is a Party-in-government?
party identifiers who have been elected to office and are responsible for fulfilling the
party’s promises
114
What is Party-in-the-electorate?
members of the voting public who consider themselves part of a political party or
who consistently prefer the candidates of one party over the other
115
What are Personal politics?
a political style that focuses on building direct relationships with voters rather than on promoting specific issues
116
What is Plurality voting?
the election rule by which the candidate with the most votes wins, regardless of vote share
117
What is a Political machine?
an organization that secures votes for a party’s candidates or supports the party in other ways, usually in exchange for political favors such as a job in government
118
What are Political parties?
organizations made up of groups of people with similar interests that try to directly
influence public policy through their members who seek and hold public office
119
What is a Precinct?
the lowest level of party organization, usually organized around neighborhoods
120
What is Proportional representation?
a party-based election rule in which the number of seats a party receives is a
function of the share of votes it receives in an election
121
What is reapportionment?
the reallocation of House seats between the states to account for population changes
122
What is Redistricting?
The redrawing of electoral maps
123
What is a Safe seat?
a district drawn so members of a party can be assured of winning by a comfortable margin
124
What is a Sorting?
the process in which voters change party allegiances in response to shifts in party position
125
What are Third parties?
political parties formed as an alternative to the Republican and Democratic parties, also
known as minor parties
126
What is the Two-party system?
a system in which two major parties win all or almost all elections
127
The Republican and Democrat parties have always represented conservatism and liberalism, respectively.
False
128
Every ten years the government counts every citizen in the US for purpose of representation. This is known as a--
Census
129
Party organization begins--
At the precinct level
130
In the third party era, the Democrats received the majority of their support in the-
South
131
What is an Association?
groups of companies or institutions that organize around a common set of concerns, often within a given industry or trade
132
What is the Astroturf movement?
a political movement that resembles a grassroots movement but is often supported or facilitated by wealthy interests and/or elites
133
What is Citizen United?
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was a 2010 Supreme Court case that granted corporations and unions the right to spend unlimited amounts of money on elections
134
What is the Collective Good?
a good such as public safety or clean air, often produced by government, that is generally available to the population as a whole
135
What is a Contract lobbyist?
a lobbyist who works for a contract lobbying firm that represents clients before
government
136
What is the Disturbance theory?
the theory that an external event can lead to interest group mobilization
137
What is Efficacy?
the belief that you make a difference and that government cares about you and your views
138
What is the Elite critique
the proposition that wealthy and elite interests are advantaged over those without resources
139
What is Fragmentation?
the result when a large interest group develops diverging needs
140
What is the Free rider problem?
the situation that occurs when some individuals receive benefits (get a free ride)
without helping to bear the cost
141
What is the Grassroots movement?
a political movement that often begins from the bottom up, inspired by average
citizens concerned about a given issue
142
What is an In-house lobbyist?
an employee or executive within an organization who works as a lobbyist on behalf of the organization
143
What is Inside lobbying?
the act of contacting and taking the organization’s message directly to lawmakers in an attempt to influence policy
144
What is the Iron triangle?
three-way relationship among congressional committees, interests groups, and the
bureaucracy
145
What is the Issue network?
a group of interest groups and people who work together to support a particular issue or policy
146
What is a Legislative liaison?
a person employed by a governmental entity such as a local government, executive department, or university to represent the organization before the legislature
147
What is a Lobbyist?
a person who represents an organization before government in an attempt to influence policy
148
What are Material incentives?
substantive monetary or physical benefits given to group members to help overcome
collective action problems
149
What is a Membership organization?
an interest group that usually consists of dues-paying members who organize
around a particular cause or issue
150
What is a Neopluralist?
a person who suggests that all groups’ access and influence depend on the political
environment
151
What is Outside lobbying?
the act of lobbying indirectly by taking the organization’s message to the public, often
through the use of the media and/or by issue press releases, in hopes that the public will then put pressure on lawmakers
152
What are Particularized benefits?
a benefit that generally accrues to a narrow segment of society
153
What is a Pluralist?
a person who believes many groups healthily compete for access to decision-makers
154
What are Public interest groups?
an interest group that seeks a public good, which is something that accrues to all
155
What are Purposive incentives?
benefits to overcome collective action problems that appeal to people’s support of the issue or cause
156
What are Revolving door laws?
laws that require a cooling-off period before government officials can register to lobby
after leaving office
157
What is Soft money?
money that interests can spend on behalf of candidates without being restricted by federal law
158
What are Solidarity incentives?
benefits based on the concept that people like to associate with those who are similar to them
159
Which of the following would be considered an outside lobbying strategy?
Encouraging group members to contact representatives
160
Someone interested in protecting individual rights might join a group like
__________________.
the American Civil Liberties Union
161
What is apart of an Iron triangle?
a hypothetical arrangement among an interest group, congressional committee member, and a bureaucratic agency
162
What is a characteristic of pluralist belief?
competition among diverse interests is good for society
163
What was the primary achievement of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995?
it defined who can and cannot lobby, and requires lobbyists and interest groups to register with the federal government
164
How is pluralism said to further democracy?
by ensuring that no single interest dominates all others
165
To overcome the free rider problem, many interest groups will offer material incentives to ___________.
Group members
166
Over the past several decades, the number of contract lobbying firms has __________.
Increased
AG & Zoology
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