Chapter 1

Question 1

Quorum Sensing

Answer 1

Regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density

Question 2

Hospital Acquired

Answer 2

Also means nosocomial infections, such as C-difficile, which causes colitis.

Question 3

3 Main Aspects of Micro

Answer 3

1. Bacteria
2. Big Virus (HIV)
3. Hospitals

Question 4

Microbiology Defintion

Answer 4

The study of very small organisms (microbes)

Question 5

MICRO Acronym

Answer 5

Microscopic
Independent Units
Complexity 
Rapid Growth Rates
Omnipresent: present almost everywhere

Question 6

Why Study Microbiology?

Answer 6

1. Prevent disease occurence
2. Develop aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of disease
3. Prevent food spoilage

Question 7

Prokaryote

Answer 7

1. “Pre” Karyotic = nucleus
2. Genetic Material (No nucleus)
3. 1 Free floating
4. 2 One chromosome
5. 3 Circular
6. No organism except ribosomes
7. Cell wall: complex, peptidoglycan. Also has a plasma membra
8. Cell division - Binary Fussion

Question 8

Eukaryote

Answer 8

1. “True” Nucleus
2. Contains chromosomes
3. 1 Linear, several
4. Several Organisms, ER, golgi body, ribosomes
5. No Cell Wall, less complex.
6. Mitosis somatic cell division, meiosis gamete cell division.

Question 9

Prokaryote —– Human Cells

Answer 9

1. Prokaryote
2. Archaebacteria
3. Eukaryote
4. Fungi
5. Algae
6. Protozoan
7. Parasites
8. Human Cells

Question 10

Viruses

Answer 10

HIV, Influenza, Herpes virus (1-5), Hepatitis (A-E), and skin rashes like Measles.

Question 11

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 11

“A desk can give rise to life”
Louis Pasteur disproved this through the beaker experiements. Once opened (microbial), once closed (no microbial), once with S shaped tub (no microbial).
Observations:
1. Microorganisms are everwhere
2. Devise methods to reduce their growth (aseptic)
3. He rejected previous theory and proposed Biogenesis.

Question 12

Wine Spoilage

Answer 12

Louis Pasteur devised a system to protect against spoilage of wine, and food in 1861.
Air:
- Bacteria took over and destroyed the alcohol, turning it into acetic acid.
No Air:
- Add just enough heat
- Pasteurization occurs to add shelf life.
- Yeast (fungi) –> alcohol.
- fermentation

Question 13

Robert Koch

Answer 13

1876
1. Proved that a bacterium causes Anthrax.
eg, Bacillus anthracis
2. Koch’s postulates: experimental steps to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

Question 14

Edward Jenner

Answer 14

1. Smallpox - related to cowpox
   a) He took a liquid from a cowpox blister and infected either his son or a milkmaid. It ended up protecting it from smallpox
2. Pasteur, 60 years later, labels it immunization. This protection is called immunity