Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy

Question 1

Spiral Shapes

Answer 1

1. Vibrio. Small bean shape.
   eg. Vibrio cholerae, causes cholera.
2. Spirillum. Long and wiggly with antennas at one end.
3. Spirochete. Very thin, long and wiggly.
   eg. Treponema pallioum causes syphilis

Question 2

Bacillus

Answer 2

Rod/staff shaped

1. Single Bacillus
2. Diplobacilli (2)
3. Streptobacilli (chain)

Question 3

Coccus

Answer 3

Orb-like

1. Diplococci (2)
2. Streptococci
   eg. Streptococcus gyogenese. Causes strep throat.
3. Staphylococci
   eg. Staphylococcus aureus causes skin infections, Toxic Shock Syndrome, food poisoning.

Question 4

Coccobacillus

Answer 4

A mix between coccus and Bacillus.

Question 5

Pleomorphic

Answer 5

Varies in shape and arrangements

Question 6

Glycocalyx (Capsule)

Answer 6

Polysaccharides, Polysaccharides and polypeptides.
Why do they have capsules?
1. Increases virulence (capacity to cause disease)
eg. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia)
2. Increases the ability to attach to human/host cells
eg. Streptococcus mutans (dental caries)
3. Evade phagocytosis

Question 7

Types of Flagella

Answer 7

1. Monotrichous (1)
2. Amphitrichous (2)
3. Lophotrichous (many at one end)
4. Peritrichous (coming from all corners)

Question 8

Flagella Anatomy

Answer 8

1. Filament (made of polypeptides and flagellin)
2. Hook (protein in nature)
3. Basal body
   a. One set of rings (Gram Positive)
   b. Two sets of rings (Gram Negative)

Question 9

Flagellum Movement

Answer 9

Run-Tumble-Run

They tumble when they meet an object

Question 10

Axial Filaments (endoflagella)

Answer 10

eg. syphilis

Has an outer sheath

Question 11

Fimbrae

Answer 11

“Kiwi”

• Higher number of appendages compared to flagella
• The purpose is for attachment, not movement.
  eg. Neiserrid gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)

Question 12

Pili/Pilus

Answer 12

It’s a link between two cells that facilitates DNA/genetic transfer from cell to cell.
eg. Escherichia coli

Question 13

Cell Wall

Answer 13

Peptidoglycan
1. Glucose
NAG: N- Acetyl Glucosamine 
NAM: N- Acetyl Muramic acid
NAG - o - NAM - o - NAG
2. Proteins
a) Polypeptide
b) Tetrapeptide
eg. NAM-oooo-NAM

Question 14

Gram-Positive

Answer 14

1. Several layers of peptidoglycan
2. Teichoic Acid is present
   a) Alcohol and phosphate.
   i. Ribitol and PO4-
   ii. Glycerol and PO4-
   b) Wall teichoic Acids and lipoteichoic acid
   c) Role of teichoic acid
   i. Antigenic specificity
   - markers for bacterial cells
   ii. PO4- attracts cations (Ca2+, Fe+) into the cells

Question 15

Gram-Negative

Answer 15

1. Has 1 or 2 layers of peptidoglycan
2. Has outer membrane
   a. Phospholipid molecules/bilayer
   b. Lipoproteins
   c. Porin protein (channel to transport)
   d. Lipopolysaccharide
   i. recognition marker
   ii. endotoxin is a poison released when you have an infection (causes fever, nausea, shock)
3. No teichoic acid
4. Periplasmic space

Question 16

Atypical Cell Walls

Answer 16

1. Mycobacterium, M. tuberculosis, M. leprae (leprosy)
   a. Mycotic acid (waxy, lipid)
2. Mycoplasms
   a. lacks a cell wall, only has a plasma membrane (with steroids)
3. Archaea
   a. No peptidoglycan.

Question 17

Lysozyme Damage

Answer 17

Lysozyme: digest disaccharides in peptidoglycan (PG), found in mucus and saliva
Gram Pos
- has thick PG
- if the cell is damaged, it becomes protoplast: forms a wall-less gram and cell
- outer PG layer is broken

Gram Neg

• has a thin PG layer
• spheroplast: formed by the actin of lysozyme on a gram-negative cell

Both lead to cell death.

Question 18

Penicillin Attacks

Answer 18

Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan (PG)

• Gram Pos is more affected (eg, strep throat)
• Gram Neg is less affected (except for newer penicillins)

Question 19

Ribosomes

Answer 19

• Free floating in the cytoplasm
• Size is in Svensons
• Bacteria 70 S (50 + 30)
• Humans is 80
  Antibiotics target the smaller size

Question 20

Endospores

Answer 20

1. PG
2. DNA
3. Ribosomes
4. Di picolinic Acid - DPA attracts and binds to calcium, keeps the spores living
   - lack of water and food.
   Gram Pos
5. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
6. Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
7. Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
8. C. perfringens (gangrene)
9. C. difficile (colitis)

Gram Negative (only one)
1. Coxiella burnetti (causes Q-fever)