What are the four main features of a modern Operating System (OS)?
- Multi-user (simultaneous accounts)
- Multitasking (multiple apps)
- Multiprocessing (multiple CPUs)
- Multithreading (broken program parts)
These features enhance the efficiency and usability of the operating system.
What is the primary role of the Kernel in an OS?
It is the core of the OS that manages the interaction between applications and the hardware.
The kernel is essential for resource management and system calls.
Contrast 32-bit (x86) vs. 64-bit (x64) architecture.
- 32-bit: Supports max 4 GB RAM
- 64-bit: Supports much higher RAM and handles larger amounts of data more efficiently
The architecture affects performance and compatibility with software.
What is a Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)?
A list provided by the OS manufacturer that verifies which hardware is known to work with the operating system.
This ensures users can select compatible components for their systems.
What are the minimum hardware requirements for Windows 10 (64-bit)?
- Processor: 1 GHz or faster
- RAM: 2 GB
- Hard Disk: 20 GB
- Graphics: DirectX 9 with WDDM 1.0 driver
Meeting these requirements is essential for proper installation and operation.
What is a Clean Install?
An installation that involves deleting the existing OS and partitioning/formatting the hard drive, resulting in a fresh system.
This method is often used to resolve persistent issues or start anew.
What is an In-place Upgrade?
An installation that updates the OS while preserving user data, settings, and applications.
This approach is convenient for users who want to keep their existing environment.
Contrast MBR vs. GPT partitioning schemes.
- MBR (Master Boot Record): Max 4 primary partitions and 2 TB drives
- GPT (GUID Partition Table): Supports larger drives (up to 128 partitions) and is required for UEFI
GPT is more modern and offers advantages in terms of partition limits and data integrity.
What is the File System and name three examples?
A method of naming and organizing files on a storage device. Examples: * FAT32
* NTFS
* exFAT
The choice of file system affects compatibility and features.
Why is NTFS preferred for modern Windows installations?
It supports higher security (permissions), larger file sizes, and features like compression and encryption.
NTFS is designed to handle modern computing needs effectively.
What is a Dual-boot configuration?
When two or more operating systems are installed on different partitions of the same hard drive, allowing the user to choose at startup.
This setup is useful for testing or using different operating systems.
What does the User State Migration Tool (USMT) do?
A command-line utility used by IT professionals to migrate user files and settings between computers during a deployment.
USMT simplifies the process of transferring user data in enterprise environments.
What is the purpose of a Product Key?
A unique string of characters used to activate Windows and verify that the software is genuine.
Product keys are essential for software licensing compliance.
What is the Windows Registry?
A hierarchical database that stores low-level settings for the Windows OS and for applications that opt to use it.
The registry is critical for system configuration and application settings.
What is the correct order of the Windows 10 Boot Process?
- BIOS/UEFI POST
- Boot Manager (BOOTMGR)
- Windows Boot Loader (Winload.exe)
- NT Kernel (ntoskrnl.exe)
Understanding the boot process is crucial for troubleshooting startup issues.
What is PXE (Preboot Execution Environment)?
A method that allows a computer to boot and install an OS over a network using a server.
PXE is commonly used in enterprise environments for network installations.
What is a Recovery Partition?
A hidden section of the hard drive containing the files needed to restore the computer to its original factory state.
This partition is vital for system recovery and troubleshooting.
Symptom: During installation, the installer says “No drives found.” What does this indicate?
The installer likely needs a Third-Party Driver (F6 driver) for the storage controller.
This is a common issue when installing on newer hardware.
Troubleshooting: How can you fix a corrupt MBR?
Boot into the Windows Recovery Environment and run the command bootrec /fixmbr.
This command repairs the Master Boot Record, allowing the system to boot properly.
What is the Compatibility Center?
An online tool used to check if your current software and hardware will work with a newer version of Windows.
This resource helps users plan upgrades and ensure compatibility.
