1
Q
Define macromolecule
A
Large molecule made up of smaller molecules linked together
2
Q
What are macromolecules also known as?
A
Nutrients
3
Q
How many types of macromolecules are there and what are they?
A
4; Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
4
Q
Define metabolism
A
Sum total of all the chemical processes carried out by cells to maintain life in an organism
5
Q
What are the 4 categories of macromolecules known as?
A
Essential nutrient
6
Q
Define essential nutrient
A
A nutrient that cannot be made by the body, and must be obtained from food
7
Q
Describe carbohydrates
A
- Always have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in same proportions
- 2 H: 1 O: 1 C
- Provide materials to build cell membranes
- Provide short or long term energy
8
Q
Name some examples of carbohydrates
A
Glucose, fructose, lactose, starch, glycogen, cellulose
9
Q
What are the 2 main types of carbohydrates?
A
Simple sugars
Polysaccharide
10
Q
What are the 2 types of simple sugars?
A
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
11
Q
Describe the structure of monosaccharides
A
- Carbohydrate molecule with 3-7 carbon atoms w/ H and O arranged in a ring
12
Q
Name some examples of monosaccharides
A
Glucose (sugar in blood), fructose (sugar in fruit)
13
Q
Describe disaccharides
A
- Double sugar; made up of 2 simple sugars
14
Q
Name some examples of disaccharides
A
Sucrose (table sugar), maltose (sugar in grain), lactose (sugar in diary products)
15
Q
Describe polysaccharides
A
- Complex carbohydrates that consist of many linked simple sugars (monosaccharides)
16
Q
Name some examples of polysaccharides
A
Starch (stores energy in plants)
Cellulose
Glycogen (stores energy in animals)
17
Q
Define glycogen
A
A polysaccharide made up of glucose units
18
Q
Describe the function of Lipids
A
- Store energy reserves for later use by cells
- cushion and insulate internal organs
- provide materials to build cell membranes
- Insoluble in water
19
Q
Describe the structure of lipids
A
- Molecule of glycerol (alcohol) consisting of 3 carbon atoms, each attached to a fatty acid chain
20
Q
Name some examples of Lipids
A
Fats (Butters & lard)
Oils ( olive oil, safflower oil)
Waxes
21
Q
Describe the structure of proteins
A
- Assembled from small sub-units known as amino acids
- Joined together by peptide bonds into one or more chains; called polypeptides
22
Q
Define amino acid
A
A building block of protein
23
Q
Define peptide bond
A
A bond that holds together the amino acids in a protein
24
Q
Define polypeptides
A
A linear chain of several amino acids linked by peptide bonds
25
What do proteins do?
Provide structure and support for blood cells, body tissues and muscles
26
Name some examples of proteins
Insulin
Hemoglobin
Antibodies
Enzymes
27
Most enzymes and antibodies are ---------
Proteins
28
Describe Nucleic Acids
- Contain organism's genetic info
- Directs organism's growth
- RNA present in all living cells
- It's role is to be messenger carrying instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins
29
Name some examples of Nucleic Acids
Ribonuclease Acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
30
What must be done before the cells can absorb the macromolecules?
Broken down
31
What is the process that carries out chemical breakdown called?
Hydrolysis
32
Define and describe hydrolysis
A water molecule is added to the macromolecule to break up the chemical bonds of the macromolecule (carbohydrate, lipid, protein, etc)
33
What is a tip to remember hydrolysis and what it means?
Hydro means water; lysis means to loosen
34
Other than hydrolysis, what does the breakdown of chemical bonds in macromolecules involve?
Enzymes
35
Define Enzyme
Secreted by cells in the digestive tract; they act as catalysts to speed up the chemical reactions without being used up in the reaction
36
How many types of digestive enzymes are there?
4
37
What are the 4 types of digestive enzymes?
Carbohydrase, lipase, protease, nuclease
38
What macromolecule does the enzyme Carbohydrase break down and what does it break it down into?
Carbohydrates; Simple sugars
39
Where does Carbohydrase break down it's macromolecule? Name an enzyme that perform this function
In the mouth with the enzyme amylase (produced in salivary glands)
40
What is amylase?
An enzyme in the mouth - produced by salivary glands - that breaks down carbohydrates
41
What does the enzyme lipase break down and what is the result of it?
Lipids; glycerol (alcohol) and fatty acids
42
Where does lipase break down its macromolecule? Name an example of an enzyme that performs that function
In the small intestine and pancreas by Pancreatic Lipase
43
What does the enzyme protease break down and what is the result of it?
Protein; Amino acids
44
Where does Protease break down its macromolecule? Name an enzyme that performs this function
In the stomach with pepsin (produced by stomach glands)
45
What is Pancreatic Lipase?
Enzyme that breaks down lipids; produced in pancreas and small intestine
46
What is pepsin?
An enzyme that breaks down proteins, produced by stomach glands in the stomach
47
What macromolecule does the enzyme Nuclease break down and what product is the result of it?
Nucleic Acid; Nucleotides
48
Where does the enzyme Nuclease break down its macromolecule? Name an enzyme that performs this function
In the pancreas and small intestine by Pancreatic Nuclease
49
What is Pancreatic Nuclease?
An enzyme in the pancreas and small intestine that breaks down Nucleic Acid
50
Match each enzyme to the macromolecule it breaks down:
Amylase Protein
Pancreatic Lipase Carbohydrates
Pepsin Lipids
Pancreatic Nuclease Nucleic Acid
Amylase --> Carbohydrates
Pancreatic Lipase ---> Lipids
Pepsin ---> Proteins
Pancreatic Nuclease ---> Nucleic Acid
51
What is the essential function of the digestive system?
Break down food into useful substances that can be absorbed into the circulatory system
52
What are the 4 steps of digestion?
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination
53
State and describe the first step of digestion
1. Ingestion
| - Taking in or eating food
54
State and describe the second step of digestion
2. Digestion
| - Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical processes into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
55
State and describe the third step of digestion
3. Absorption
- Transport of the products of digestion from the digestive system into the circulatory system, which distributes to the rest of the body
56
State and describe the forth step of digestion
4. Elimination
| - Removal of undigested solid waste matter from the body
57
To digest food, what do most animals have?
Digestive tract; consists of long open tube; called alimentary canal
58
Define alimentary canal
The tube through which food is processed, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus; also known as digestive tract
59
What is mechanical digestion?
Food enters mouth and is broken apart into smaller pieces by teeth; broken food moves along digestive tract by contractions of the tube itself
60
What is chemical digestion?
Fluid releasing glands in the mouth and tract add liquid and enzymes that break down macromolecules of food
61
What varies according to the feeding habits of the species?
Digestive tract length
62
-------- and ---------- usually have longer digestive tracts relative to body size
Herbivores and omnivores
63
Why do herbivores and omnivores have a longer digestive tract?
Cellulose more difficult to digest then animal tissues; a longer digestion time needs a longer digestive tract
64
True or False: Carnivore have a longer digestive tract than Herbivores
False; Herbivores and omnivores have a longer tract
65
True or False: Herbivores have a longer digestive tract than Carnivores
True; animals tissues easier to digest than cellulose
66
What triggers the salivary glands?
Smell or sight of food
67
Where does the digestive system start?
First point of contact- mouth
68
Define Salivary Glands
Glands in the mouth that produce saliva to begin the chemical digestion of food
69
What do the Salivary glands do?
- Produces saliva, beginning the chemical digestion of food
70
How many salivary glands are there in the mouth and what are they called?
3;
- Parotid gland
- Sublingual gland
- Submandibular gland
71
Name the 3 salivary glands that are in the mouth
- Parotid gland
- Sublingual gland
- Submandibular gland
72
Define Saliva
Watery secretion in the mouth that begins the digestive process
73
What is the function of saliva?
- To lubricate and breakdown food, making it easy to swallow
- stimulates taste bugs; allowing taste of flavours
74
Describe the structure of saliva?
- Contains enzyme called amylase that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars
75
Where does mechanical digestion start and how?
In the mouth; teeth bite, tear and grind food into smaller proves
76
Other than the fact that food needs to be in smaller pieces, what is the advantage of grinding food into smaller pieces?
- Exposes more SA of food to saliva
77
What does the tongue do?
- Manipulates food during chewing
- Helps food form the bolus
- Pushes food back to molar for grinding (mechanical digestion)
78
What is bolus?
Moist ball of food
79
What is the epiglottis?
- Functions a trap door
| - Covers trachea (windpipe) during swallowing to prevent food from going down the wrong pipe
80
What functions like a "trapdoor" in the esophagus?
Epiglottis
81
Define Esophagus
Muscular tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach
82
Describe the Esophagus
- 2m diameter
- Connects pharynx and stomach
- Transports each bolus of food to stomach through peristalsis
- Glands in lining produce mucus; keeps passage moist and aids in swallowing
83
Define peristalsis
Wave-like series of muscular contractions in the esophagus
84
What is the Esophageal Sphincter?
Controls the entrance to the stomach
85
What controls the entrance to the stomach?
Esophageal Sphincter
86
Describe the stomach
- J shaped organ: holds 1.5 L of food
- Food temporarily stores while chemical and mechanical digestion takes place
- Has 3 layers of muscle fibres that contract and relax in order to ,is food with gastric juices
87
What are gastric juices made up of?
- HCl
- Salts
- Enzymes
- Water
- Mucus
88
What does the HCl in gastric juice do?
- Sterilizes upper digestive tract and destroys invading microbes
- Causes food to have low pH (best for pepsin to function)
89
What does the mucus in gastric juice do?
Coats walls of stomach; protecting it from attack by acidic gastric juice
90
What is a mixture of food and gastric juices called?
Chyme
91
Define chyme
Thick liquid produced in the stomach and made of digested food combined with gastric juices
92
What is the Pyloric Sphincter?
Muscular valve in lower end of stomach that keeps food in the stomach
93
What is the muscular valve in the lower end of the stomach that keeps food in the stomach
Pyloric Sphincter
Biology - 11
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