What is a display rule?
- they are culturally specific rules
- govern how and when and to whom to express emotion to
What is a ritualized display
-highly stylized ways of expressing particular emotions
What percent of facial expressions reflect culturally universal expressions
-58%
What percent of facial expression reflect culturally specific expressions
-9%
What is an example of a display rule
- there is a private and public condition to how Americans and Japanese express negative emotions
- eg; Japanese were less likely to express negative emotions in public
How do cultures vary in the intensity with which they report experiencing emotions
- East Asians report experiencing emotions less intensely than Westerners
- > they also experience emotions for a shorter period than Westerners
Describe the anger paradigm experiment
- experimenter shows up late and is very unprofessional
- participants systolic blood pressure was measured and the studies looked at how quickly that anger dissipated
- Chinese-Canadians anger dissipated more quickly than the Euro-Canadians
Which cultures are inter personally engaged and which are inter personally disengaged
- people from interdependent cultures are inter personally engaged
- people from independent cultures are inter personally disengaged
What are the two dimensions of emotions that are looked at
- whether the emotion is positive or negative
- whether the emotion was inter personally engaged or inter personally disengaged
What is the difference between inter personal engagement and inter personal disengagement
- inter personal engagement is emotion that is connecting with others
- > you are involved with the community
- inter personal disengagement are experiences or emotions that distinguish you from others
Describe positive inter personal engaged emotions and negative inter personal engaged emotions
- positive ones are
- > respect, friendly feeling
- negative ones are
- > ashamed, or in debt so you feel like you have to apologize
Describe positive inter personal disengaged emotions and negative inter personal disengaged emotions
- positive ones are
- > proud, superior feeling
- > i am number one, while excluding the feelings of someone else
- negative ones are
- > anger
- > this is all your fault type of feeling
Describe the correlations of inter personal engaged or dis engaged emotions to that of Japanese people and those of Americans
- Americans had stronger positive correlations between people’s general positive emotions and their inter personal disengaged emotions
- Japanese had stronger positive correlations between people’s positive emotions and their inter personal engaged emotions
How does being a wealthy country correlate to GDP, income equality, and human rights
- if you are more wealthy, higher GDP, more respect for human rights and greater income equality
- less wealthy, lower GDP, less human rights, and less income equality
Does money and happiness have an infinite positive correlation?
- no
- at some point, when GNP hits 13,000, level of happiness levels off
- until that mark, the correlation between happiness and money is positive
Compare happiness between: Scandinavians, Central Europeans and Eastern Europeans
1) Scandinavians
2) Central Europeans
3) Eastern Europeans
-note that eastern Europeans come after central because e is after c in the alphabet
How do individualistic societies compare to collectivist when it comes to basing their life satisfaction
-people in individualistic societies were more likely to rate their life satisfaction on how many positive emotions they experienced
How do contradictions differ for East Asian cultures and those for Western ones
- Western ones tend to avoid contradictions
- > studies show that the amount of positive affect they have correlates negatively with the amount of negative affect they have
- East Asians are in constant flux
- > correlation between positive and negative affect is positive
- > they believe that the greater amount of good times, the greater amount of negative times that will follow
What is the ideal affect
-cultures differ in the kinds of positive emotions that they want to pursue
Where is cultural variation more pronounced? In the ideal affect or the actual effect?
-cultural variation is more pronounced in the ideal effect than the actual effect
How does ideal affect differ from that of East Asians to that of North Americans
- East Asians prefer low arousal positive states compared to North Americans
- > so they prefer to be calm, relaxed and peaceful
- North Americans prefer high arousal positive states compared to East Asians
- > so being enthusiastic or excited or elated
Describe differences in ideal effect of East Asians and North Americans. Describe specifically children’s story books, self help books and magazines
For children’s story books
- > East Asians shows images with individuals who have a calm state of mind
- > American’s show more of bigger and excited smiles than East Asian books
For self help books
->East Asians encourage lower arousal positive states than that of American self help books
For magazines
- > East Asians show more calm smiles and fewer excited smiles
- > Americans focus more on the excited smiles and less of a calm effect
What is a summary of the results of the eye morphing tasks
->note there were schematic images and real faces images
For Japanese
->target is more happy if the eyes were expressing a happier emotion than the mouth
For Americans
->target is more happy if the mouth was expressing a happier emotion than the eyes
What is a summary of the results of the eye tracker experiment
-there is limited significance that shows Canadians stare longer at the mouth than Japanese do
- it is more universal to notice that both Japanese and Canadians look longer at the eyes than any other part of the face
- > this result is much more significant than the one mentioned before
