What does cross cultural research reveal about self enhancement?
-that it is more common among Western cultures than any other type of culture in the world
Describe east Asians evidence for self enhancement and its relation to mental health. What do East Asians show instead of self enhancement?
- East Asians have little evidence for self enhancing motivations
- > this goes hand to hand that they have little evidence for problems of mental health
-East Asians shows self criticism in the place of self enhancement
Describe self evaluations of the universities of UBC and SFU. Describe the differences in these evaluations from that of Doshisha and Ritsumeikan.
Evaluations of UBC and SFU.
- > UBC is more positive than SFU
- > ratings wise, both rated UBC to be more positive than SFU
- > but UBC evaluated there to be a larger gap in ratings than the SFU students did
Evaluation of Doshisa and Ritsumeikan
- > both rated Doshisha to be the better school
- > but Doshisha ratings rated the discrepancy as smaller between the two universities than Ritsumeikan did
-this just shows that east Asians self enhance other groups while self criticizing themselves
How did the situation sampling method view psychology and culture
- they thought that psychological processes and a cultural system go together
- > becoming one’s self means getting to know the collective and adapting to these patterns in the collective through cultural practice
How do American and Japanese cultural resources influence self enhancement
American Cultural Resources
->it reinforces the direction of self-enhancement
Japanese Cultural Resources
->it reinforces the direction of self criticism
What is the harm in high amounts of self esteem
- high self esteem inflates egotism, grandiosity and narcissism
- > it can promote violence as well
Describe the Hidden Camera Research
1) Cover Story
- >testing for relationship between creativity and emotional intelligence
2) RAT
- >measure of creativity
3) Feedback(success or failure)
4) Problems with EQ test
- >so emotional intelligence can’t be measured
-note at this point participants were told they can persist with the RAT if they wanted
Describe the hidden camera research and how it changed when researchers introduced high effort groups and low effort groups
- for Americans, low effort groups did not change their persistence time from the control
- > this is because they received entity instructions
- for the Japanese, their persistence time did not change much in the high effort group
- > this is because they are receiving incremental instruction
- note when Americans are given incremental ideas(high effort)
- > they behave like Japanese and persist longer
- when Japanese were given entity ideas(low effort)
- > they behave like the Americans and persist for a shorter amount of time
Contrast primary control with secondary control
- primary control is where people have incremental values about the world
- > they can change the circumstances to fit their own desires
- secondary control is when people have entity theories of the world
- > they strive to fit in and accept the circumstances of society instead of making society meet their needs
Describe the pen experiment with the working class and upper middle class individuals in America
- basically have two groups where one is working class and the other is upper middle class
- then they are either given a pen without a choice for preference or they choose themselves
- working class did not show differences in preference whether the pen was chosen or forced on them
- middle upper class had preference for the pen when it was their own choice than when it was forced on them
Is dissonance universal? And if so how does it differ from Westerners to East Asians
- the dissonance effect may be universal
- > it differs in the sense that Westerns strive for internal consistency
- > Eastern Asians see it more about getting other’s approval about their decision making
Describe Shinobu’s CD task that was identical to Heine’s
- so he had three groups
- > control, other-reference/self-first and other-reference/other-first
- note dissonance was greatest for the other reference groups than the control
- > but no significant difference between the self-first/other reference group and the other-reference/other-first group
