Chapter 10 - Classification and Evolution

Question 1

Define taxonomy

Answer 1

the study of the principles of classification of organisms according to their observable features or genetic characteristics

Question 2

what are the taxonomic groups

Answer 2

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 3

how to describe the taxonomic groups

Answer 3

heirarchical

Question 4

What system of classification has been recently added, where does it fall

Answer 4

The domain system, above kingdom (at the top of the hierarchy)

Question 5

Reasons for classification

Answer 5

• identification of a species
• prediction of characteristics
• identification of evolutionary links

Question 6

what is the purpose of having a universal system of classification

Answer 6

• understood worldwide by scientists so they can share their research and see links between different organisms even on different continents

Question 7

What are the 3 domains

Answer 7

archaea, bacteria and eukarya

Question 8

define species

Answer 8

a group of individual organisms whose members are able to interbreed freely to produce fertile, viable offspring

Question 9

define classification

Answer 9

The process by which living organisms are sorted into groups, organisms in the same group share similar features

Question 10

why are hyrbrids infertile

Answer 10

• different numbers of chromosomes so they cannot pair to form bivalents
• crossing over of DNA cant occur

Question 11

features of Eukarya

Answer 11

• membrane bound organelles
• nucleus

Question 12

features of archaea

Answer 12

• live in harsh environments
• phospholipid monolayer
• circular dna
• no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Question 13

features of bacteria

Answer 13

• peptidoglycan cell wall
• circular dna
• no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Question 14

who and why made domain system

Answer 14

carl woese noticed the rRNA of prokaryotes had differences
- differences in protein synthesis

Question 15

why use binomial nomenclature

Answer 15

• globally recognized to avoid confusion
• show close relation
• easy sorting
• every single species has a unique name

Question 16

what does binomial nomenclature show

Answer 16

genus (capital)
species (lowercase)

Question 17

how to write binomial nomenclature (typed/written)

Answer 17

typed: italics
written: underlined

Question 18

what are the 5 kingdoms

Answer 18

• Animalia
• Plantae
• Fungi
• Protoctista
• Prokaryotae

Question 19

what are the levels of classification

Answer 19

molecular, embryological, anatomical and behavioural

Question 20

ribosomes/ protein synthesis of eukarya

Answer 20

80S
rna polymerase has 12 proteins

Question 21

ribosomes/ protein synthesis of archaea

Answer 21

70S
rna polymerase has 8-10 proteins

Question 22

ribosomes/ protein synthesis of bacteria

Answer 22

70S
rna polymerase has 5 proteins

Question 23

define phylogeny

Answer 23

the study of how closely related different species are (evolutionary relationships)

Question 24

define phylogenetic classification

Answer 24

• differentiating organisms on genetics
• more similar dna or amino acid sequence = more closely related

Question 25

what validates scientific research

Answer 25

- conferences - reproduceable - repeatable - experimental research

Question 26

advantages of phylogeny

Answer 26

- produces continuous tree - not put in specific groups they may not fit

Question 27

define evolution

Answer 27

the gradual change in heritable traits of organisms over successive generations)

Question 28

what 4 observations did Darwin make

Answer 28

- organisms produce more offspring than can survive - variation in characteristics of the same species - characteristic passes on - best adapted individuals survive

Question 29

principles of natural selection

Answer 29

- overproduction of species leads to competition - variation due to mutation - selection by adaptation - breed and pass on characteristics

Question 30

how is palaeontology evidence for evolution

Answer 30

- fossils of simplest organisms found in oldest rocks - dating sediment - oldest rock further down - there are gaps in fossil record

Question 31

how is comparative anatomy evidence for evolution

Answer 31

- homologous structures eg. pentadactyl limbs - evidence of convergent evolution

Question 32

how is comparative biochemistry evidence for evolution

Answer 32

- similarities dna base sequence - similarities amino acid sequences - study rRNA and cytochrome c

Question 33

define interspecific variation

Answer 33

variation between members of different species

Question 34

examples of interspecific variation

Answer 34

number of legs of species

Question 35

define intraspecific variation

Answer 35

variation between organisms within a species

Question 36

examples of intraspecific variation

Answer 36

humans: height, eye colour

Question 37

define genetic variation

Answer 37

differences in genetic material an organism inherits from its parents

Question 38

define environmental variation

Answer 38

variation due to the environment an organism lives in

Question 39

causes of genetic variation

Answer 39

- alleles - mutation - meiosis (crossing over)

Question 40

causes of environmental variation

Answer 40

for plants: sunlight, climate (they're less mobile)

Question 41

examples of variation that is both environmental and genetic

Answer 41

- height: genetic and due to diet and health

Question 42

Define continuous variation

Answer 42

A characteristic that can hold any value in a given range

Question 43

What shape does continuous variation usually take

Answer 43

Normal distribution- bell curve

Question 44

Define discontinuous variation

Answer 44

A characteristic that can only result in certain values

Question 45

define anatomical adaptation

Answer 45

physical features (internal and external)

Question 46

examples of anatomical adaptations

Answer 46

- body coverings (hair, scales) - camouflage - teeth/ jaw - mimicking another animals sound/ appearance

Question 47

define behavioural adaptations

Answer 47

how an organism acts - can be inherited/ learnt from parents

Question 48

examples of behavioural adaptations

Answer 48

- survival behaviours (acting dead etc.) - attracting a mate - seasonal behaviour (migration/ hibernation)

Question 49

2 categories of behavioural adaptations

Answer 49

innate and learnt

Question 50

define innate behaviour

Answer 50

ability due to inherited from genes eg. spiders and webs

Question 51

define learned behaviour

Answer 51

adaptations learnt from experience/ observing others eg. using tools

Question 52

define physiological adaptation

Answer 52

processes that occur within an organism

Question 53

examples of physiological adaptations

Answer 53

- producing poison - producing antibiotics - water storage

Question 54

define homologous structure

Answer 54

similar anatomical structure, but not superficial structure

Question 55

define analogous structure

Answer 55

similar superficial structure that performs similar roles, but different anatomical structures

Question 56

why do homologous structures arise

Answer 56

due to divergent evolution

Question 57

why do analogous structures arise

Answer 57

due to convergent evolution

Question 58

example of convergent evolution

Answer 58

placental and marsupial mole

Question 59

define the founder effect

Answer 59

the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small subset of individuals from a larger population

Question 60

how does founder population differ to original population

Answer 60

- reduced variation - fewer genotypes and phenotypes