Chapter 12 - Disease

Question 1

Bacteria diseases

Answer 1

TB
Bacterial meningitis
Ring rot

Question 2

Virus diseases

Answer 2

HIV/AIDS
Tobacco virus
Influenza

Question 3

Protist diseases

Answer 3

Malaria
Potato blight

Question 4

Fungi diseases

Answer 4

Black Sigatoka
Athletes foot/ringworm

Question 5

TB

Answer 5

Damages and destroys lung tissue
Suppresses immune system
Body less able to fight other diseases

Question 6

Ring rot

Answer 6

Damages leaves tubers and fruit
No cure

Question 7

TMV

Answer 7

Damages leaves, flowers and fruit
Stunts Growth

Question 8

Malaria

Answer 8

Caused by plasmodium
Female anopheles mosquitoes are the vector
Invade red blood cells

Question 9

Potato blight

Answer 9

Destroy leaves, tuber and fruit

Question 10

Black Sigatoka

Answer 10

In bananas, turn leaves black

Question 11

Athletes foot/ringworm

Answer 11

There are different types of ringworm, different fungi
Athletes foot is a type of ringworm
Digest skin between toes

Question 12

Animal direct disease transmission

Answer 12

• contact
• Inoculation
• ingestion

Question 13

Animal indirect disease transmission

Answer 13

• formites
• Droplet
• vectors

Question 14

What factors affect transmission of diseases in animals?

Answer 14

Overcrowding poor nutrition climate change

Question 15

Plants direct disease transmission

Answer 15

• Healthy plant in contact with unhealthy plant

Question 16

Plant indirect disease transmission

Answer 16

• soil contamination
• Vectors: wind (spores) water, animals, humans

Question 17

What factors affect transmission of diseases in plants?

Answer 17

Crowding poor mineral nutrients, warm damp conditions, climate change

Question 18

Callose deposition

Answer 18

• plant attacked by pathogen
• Plant synthesises lots of the polysaccharide callose
• callose deposited into cell walls and cell surface membranes of neighbouring cell strengthened with lignin
• Forms a barrier against pathogens

Question 19

Plant chemical defences

Answer 19

• insect repellent and insecticides
• Anti- bacterial compound
• Antifungal compounds
• Toxins eg. Form Cyanide compounds.

Question 20

Non-specific defences

Answer 20

Skin
Mucous membrane
Hydrochloric acid and stomach
Expulsive reflexes
Inflammatory response
Wound repair
Blood clotting

Question 21

Blood clotting

Answer 21

Platelets come in contact with collagen and adhere and secrete
Thromboplastin - triggers formation of blood clot
Serotonin - smooth muscle contraction to narrow blood vessels and limit blood supply

Question 22

Wound repair

Answer 22

• epidermal cells under the scab grow to seal wound
• damage blood vessels regrow
• Collagen gifts, epidermis strength

Question 23

Inflammatory response

Answer 23

Mast cells activated and release histamines and cytokines

Question 24

Histamines

Answer 24

• blood vessel dilation raises temperatures to prevent reproduction of pathogens
• increase leakiness of vessels blood plasma tissue fluid causes swelling

Question 25

Cytokines

Answer 25

Attract phagocytes for phagocytosis

Question 26

Two types of phagocyte

Answer 26

Neutrophil and macrophage

Question 27

Phagocytosis

Answer 27

-pathogens release chemicals that attract phagocyte - phagocyte recognises non-human proteins in pathogen - pathogen encloses in phagosome - phagosome plus lysosome—> phagosome - Enzymes from lysosome digest pathogen

Question 28

What do phagocytes release after engulfing pathogen, what does it do

Answer 28

Cytokines- cell signalling to other phagocytes body is attacked

Question 29

Opsonins

Answer 29

- chemical binds to pathogens so they’re more easily recognised by phagocytes

Question 30

T helper

Answer 30

- produce interleukins that - Stimulate b cells to increase antibody production - stimulate production of other T cells - Attract macrophages

Question 31

T killer

Answer 31

- destroy pathogens

Question 32

T memory

Answer 32

Provide immunological memory Stay in body for a long time Secondary response, divide to form lots of T killer cells

Question 33

T regulator

Answer 33

- insures body recognises self antigens - Stops immune response once pathogen is gone - Prevent auto immune response

Question 34

B effector cell

Answer 34

Divide to form plasma cell

Question 35

Plasma cell

Answer 35

Produce antibodies and release into circulation

Question 36

B memory

Answer 36

Provide immunological memory remember antigen

Question 37

Primary immune response

Answer 37

- Pathogen enters the body and comes in contact with a macrophage - phagocytosis macrophage presents foreign antigen to the immune system(APC) - Virgin Band T cells undergo clonal selection for complimentary shape to antigen - Clonal expansion - Differentiate to different types

Question 38

Secondary response

Answer 38

- memory b and t lymphocytes - Quicker longer stronger

Question 39

Function of antigen biding site

Answer 39

Complementary shape to antigen Binds to antigen

Question 40

Function of disulphide bridge

Answer 40

Stabilises and holds tertiary structure of antibodies

Question 41

Function of constant region

Answer 41

Bonds to receptors on phagocytes

Question 42

Hinge Region function

Answer 42

Flexibility for antibody to bind to more than one antigen on more than one pathogen

Question 43

Antibody acting as opsonin

Answer 43

- makes the antigen antibody complex more easily engulfed by phagocytes

Question 44

Antibody acting as aglutinan

Answer 44

Antigen antibody complexes clump together, preventing them spreading through the body and easy phagocytosis

Question 45

Antibody acting as anti toxin

Answer 45

Bind to toxins to make them harmless

Question 46

Autoimmune disease

Answer 46

Immune system stops recognising self cells and attacks them

Question 47

Example of an autoimmune disease

Answer 47

Type one diabetes Arthritis Lupus

Question 48

Natural active immunity

Answer 48

Body produces own antibodies and memory cells such as primary and secondary immune response

Question 49

Natural passive immunity

Answer 49

In fetus antibodies pass across placenta In newborn babies get antibodies from breastmilk until immune system can make our antibodies

Question 50

Artificial passive immunity

Answer 50

Antibodies extracted from other individuals injected to another can be from animals

Question 51

Artificial active immunity

Answer 51

Vaccination promotes body to make own antibodies