Chapter 10 Intelligence

Question 1

Aristotle and two types of wisdom

Answer 1

practical wisdom and theoretical wisdom

Question 2

Practical wisdom

Answer 2

application of knowledge; reasoning

Question 3

Theoretical wisdom

Answer 3

understanding objective truth; science

Question 4

​What did Williams (1996) find in their analysis of intelligence from 1921–1986?

Answer 4

Intelligence helps us adapt to change

Intelligence allows us to learn from experience

Intelligence is different from knowledge,
but the two are connected in real life (we use intelligence to gain and apply knowledge)

Question 5

what is the flynn effect

Answer 5

The Flynn Effect refers to the steady increase in average IQ scores over time, observed in many countries. (Flynn effect is slowing or reversing in some countries)

Question 6

what are the three explanations for the flynn effect

Answer 6

Better nutrition and healthcare

Improved education and abstract thinking

More environmental complexity due to technology

Question 7

Who was Sir Francis Galton and what did he believe about intelligence?

Answer 7

He believed intelligence could be predicted by physical and sensory traits (Hair and eye color, Ability to tell differences in weight, Ability to hear pitch differences)

Question 8

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created tests to reflect which 3 basic abilities?

Answer 8

direction, adaptation, and criticism

Question 9

direction means?

Answer 9

ability to know what to do and how to do it

Question 10

adaptation means?

Answer 10

ability to create strategies for implementing knowledge

Question 11

Criticism means?

Answer 11

ability to find errors in thinking

Question 12

who created the first standardized measure of intelligence

Answer 12

Alfred binet and theodore simon

Children aged four, six, eight, and ten were given tests to determine tasks that an average child of that age could perform….

Question 13

who helped create the standford binet test in english?

Answer 13

Lewis terman

Question 14

who developed the deviation IQ?

Answer 14

David Weschler

Question 15

IQ=?

Answer 15

IQ= mental age / chronological age x 100

Question 16

What was the primary problem with Terman’s calculation of mental intelligence?

Answer 16

IQ would level off at 16 and the value would decrease as one aged.

Question 17

why was deviation iq created?

Answer 17

By using the concept of relative age, intelligence would appear to level off at the age of 16.

Question 18

what are the 3 advantages of deviation IQ

Answer 18

1. Unaffected by age of participant
2. Uses point system with questions grouped by content area
3. Adds performance IQ tests (Completing puzzles, Arranging blocks, Finding patterns)

Question 19

What is the Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) information processing model of memory?

Answer 19

It’s a model that describes how information flows through the brain using three memory systems (sensory, STM, LTM)

Atkinson and Schiffrin (1968) developed a model to explain the COGNITIVE processing involved in memory

Question 20

Cognitive psychology studies what?

Answer 20

the flow of information in the human mind, including memory processes.

Question 21

What did Arthur Jensen (1982) propose about intelligence?

Answer 21

Jensen believed that intelligence is related to the speed of neuronal conduction—how fast neurons transmit information.

He used choice reaction time tasks (e.g., pressing a button when a light appears) to measure processing speed. THIS IS CHOICE REACTION TIME

Question 22

What is reverse engineering in the context of intelligence research?

Answer 22

Reverse engineering is the process of starting with a complex problem and breaking it down into smaller parts to understand how it is solved.

Question 23

who used reverse engineering to study how humans solve analogy problems on IQ tests?

Answer 23

Robert Sternberg

Question 24

What did Nettlebeck and Lalley discover about intelligence?

Answer 24

intelligence is linked to how quickly we can process basic information.

how quickly can you tell which of the two lines is longer THIS IS INSPECTION TIME

Question 25

what are the 4 underlying processes of intelligence in reverse engineering

Answer 25

encoding inferring relations mapping relations applying mapped relations

Question 26

what did robert sternberg find overall?

Answer 26

that intelligent people take longer during the first components but are faster overall

Question 27

what does eugenics mean?

Answer 27

preventing "less-desirable" people from having children and passing on their supposedly "inferior" DNA.

Question 28

what is social Darwinism

Answer 28

Social Darwinism is the misapplication of Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human societies.

Question 29

what are the two intervening variables on the performance on intelligence tests

Answer 29

-stereotype threat -Mindset

Question 30

what is stereotype threat on intelligence tests

Answer 30

People in marginalized groups experience increased anxiety and divided attention during testing

Question 31

how does mindset play a role on intelligence tests?

Answer 31

Can decrease performance if someone believes their intelligence is fixed at a low level

Question 32

men are better at _________ than women

Answer 32

visuospatial tasks

Question 33

women are better at _______________ than men

Answer 33

verbal abilities

Question 34

is there are difference between male and female intelligence?

Answer 34

nope.

Question 35

Charles Spearman initiated the use of ____ in the testing of intelligence

Answer 35

factor analysis (a method to find which skills, abilities are linked) running+jumping = track and field

Question 36

what does the g stand for in Charles Spearman's idea

Answer 36

g= general intelligence (higher order) Can apply to any content area

Question 37

what does s stand for in Charles Spearman's idea

Answer 37

s= specific intelligence (lower order) Can apply to limited content area

Question 38

Spearman proposed two different, but not necessarily contradictory, explanations of what general intelligence (g) is... what is it?

Answer 38

system of basic ability and Single, Simple System

Question 39

what are the three things in the system of basic ability

Answer 39

1) Apprehension of own experiences You walk into a noisy room and quickly focus your attention on the person talking to you. 2) Education of relations figuring out how things are related 3)Education of correlates predicting what goes with what based on past experience

Question 40

explain the Single, Simple System

Answer 40

This idea is that intelligence is like mental energy that flows through your brain: People with higher intelligence have more mental resources (energy)

Question 41

What did Louis Thurstone do?

Answer 41

used factor analysis to contradict Spearman’s theory of a general intelligence factor.

Question 42

what are the 7 factors of primary mental abilities Luis Thurstone created

Answer 42

word fluency, verbal comprehension, numeric abilities, spatial visualization, memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning

Question 43

Both Spearman and Thurstone used what statistical method?

Answer 43

factor analysis

Question 44

what are the two factors in Raymond Cattell's model

Answer 44

Fluid Intelligence and Crystallized Intelligence

Question 45

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 45

ability to think flexibly and handle complex situations

Question 46

What is crystallized intelligence?

Answer 46

ability to solve problems by applying knowledge

Question 47

How is knowledge different from cognitive flexibility?

Answer 47

Knowledge is what you know. Cognitive flexibility is knowing how, when, where, and how much to apply that knowledge.

Question 48

How are Spearman’s g, fluid, and crystallized intelligence related?

Answer 48

g is often thought to be similar to fluid intelligence (raw thinking ability). Crystallized intelligence is shaped over time by using fluid intelligence to gain knowledge.

Question 49

How do fluid and crystallized intelligence change over time?

Answer 49

In early life, fluid and crystallized intelligence are closely related. As we age: Fluid intelligence declines Crystallized intelligence grows (we build more knowledge and patterns)

Question 50

What is the Wisdom Paradox?

Answer 50

Even though fluid intelligence declines with age, older adults often appear wiser because they rely on crystallized intelligence and pattern recognition built over time.

Question 51

What are the 3 types of intelligence in Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory (1998)?

Answer 51

Analytical intelligence – solving structured problems like IQ test questions Creative intelligence – dealing with new or novel situations Practical intelligence – applying knowledge in real-life situations

Question 52

What did Howard Gardner propose in 1983?

Answer 52

proposed the concept of multiple intelligences, which purports that there are multiple kinds of intelligence that are distinct from each other Verbal-linguistic – language and words Logical-mathematical – reasoning, math, logic Musical – rhythm, tone, melody Bodily-kinesthetic – movement, coordination Visual-spatial – images, maps, spatial judgment Interpersonal – understanding others Intrapersonal – self-awareness Naturalistic – nature, animals, ecology