Chapter 10: Prevention

Question 1

What is Health Promotion

Answer 1

efforts to introduce a healthy lifestyle

Question 2

what is the role of community psychology/psychologists?

Answer 2

they focus on the reciprocal relations between individuals and the community in which they life
they have a long history on developing services that are offered to vulnerable populations

Question 3

What are three types of intervention with respect to illness?

Answer 3

1. Primary intervention (occurs before a disorder has developed and is designed to prevent the development of the disorder aka prevention)
2. Secondary Intervention (occurs when a disorder is evident; this is usually referred to has treatment
3. Tertiary Intervention (occurs with respect to a chronic disorder and focuses on rehabilitation and long-term adaptation)

Question 4

What are the three distinctions among prevention programs?

Answer 4

1. Universal preventative intervention –> prevention program applied to an entire population such as a media awareness campaign
2. selective preventative intervention –> prevention program that targets people who are at elevated risk of developing a particular disorder or problem
3. Indicated preventative intervention –> prevention program that targets people who do not meet the criteria for a disorder, but who have elevated risk and may show detectable but subclinical signs of the disorder

Question 5

what are two types of prevention programs (primary and secondary)?

Answer 5

primary prevention programs are based on behavioural model of functioning and does not rely on the concept of disease; it is focused on the provision of conditions conductive to good health and is similar to health promotion

secondary prevention –> more similar to selective and indicated prevention programs because it focuses on prevention in groups of people who are identified as being high risk

Question 6

What is the risk reduction model?

Answer 6

an approach to prevention that reduces risks and promotes protective factors (relies heavily on research))

Question 7

what are risk factors?

Answer 7

risk factors are characteristics of the individual or environment that render a person more vulnerable to the development of a problem or disorder, or that are associated with more severe symptoms

Question 8

what is resilience?

Answer 8

characteristics that protect high risk individuals from developing the problem or disorder

Question 9

What are incidence rates?

Answer 9

used to describe the number of new cases of a problem (can also be used to measure success of prevention program)

Question 10

What is effectiveness?

Answer 10

effectiveness refers to the extent to which a prevention program achieves desired outcomes when used in an applied setting rather than in the original research condition

Question 11

What are three prevention programs that focus on promoting evidence-based parenting?

Answer 11

1. Home-visiting programs by Olds & Colleagues
2. Incredible Years Program by Carolyn Webster-Stratton
3. Triple P Program by Matthew Sanders

Question 12

what did the home-visiting program (By Olds & Colleagues) do?

Answer 12

it was a service offered to low-income, teenage, single mothers who were expecting

it involved a nurse who visited them during pregnancy and first 2 years of birth at home and taught them self-care

it had benefits in reducing child abuse and neglect as well as reducing number of arrests, convictions..etc.. in the children before age 15

Question 13

What is the Incredible Years program?

Answer 13

developed by Carolyn Webster-Stratton and is designed to help children aged 3 to 12(?) who have been identified as having conduct problems

the primary goal is to train parents in skills so that they can effectively play with their child, provide praise for positive behaviour and set limits on unacceptable behaviours like using time-outs, ignoring, praise …etc…

the results show effectiveness in promoting good parenting, enhancing children’s social competence and preventing the development of conduct problems

Question 14

what is Triple P?

Answer 14

triple P is developed by Mathew Sanders

It is a positive parenting program (triple P) and its designed to enhance the knowledge, skills and confidence of parents and promote safe environments for young people and promote children’s competence through positive parenting practices

they are designed to enhance protective factors and decrease risk factors

it was found that it is efficacious in helping parents adopt positive parenting practices which is associated with fewer child problems

Question 15

what are the 5 levels of the triple P program?

Answer 15

triple P is a multi-level system that provides interventions that gradually increase in intensity

Level 1 (universal triple P) –> is offered to all interested parents using a variety of media; the intention is to reduce stigma

Level 2: involves parenting seminars or brief one or two session services to address parent’s specific concerns

level 3: designed for parents of children with mild to moderate problems that may benefit from a program delivered over 3-4 sessions

Level 4 (standard triple P) –> designed for parents of children with more severe behavioural problems which is also available online

Level 5 (Enhanced Triple P) –> most intensive intervention which includes parenting skills, and also additional sessions focused on parent’s mood, coping and partner support

Question 16

What are four risk factors for the development of anxiety in children?

Answer 16

1. inhibited temperament
2. avoidant coping style
3. overprotecting parenting practices
4. parental anxiety

Question 17

What are the four risk factors for the development of depression?

Answer 17

1. Interpersonal skills deficits
2. Cognitive errors
3. family variables such as parental depression and marital conflict
4. Contextual factors such as negative life events

Question 18

what are the four risk factors for development of high risk substance abuse?

Answer 18

1. temperamental factors
2. coping skills
3. psychopathology
4. exposure to negative life events

Question 19

What 5 psychopathology risk factors?

Answer 19

1. Individual factors (poor social skills, difficult temperament)
2. school context (bullying, problematic peer group)
3. family/social factors (family violence, neglect)
4. life events and situations (poverty, war or natural disasters)
5. community and cultural factors (low SES, discrimination)

Question 20

what are 5 protective factors?

Answer 20

1. individual (positive attachment, problem-solving skills)
2. family/social factors (strong family norms/ caring parents)
3. school context (opportunity for success, healthy school norms)
4. life events and situations (income, adequate housing)
5. Community and cultural factors (participation in church, strong cultural identity)

Question 21

What is the Terra Centre?

Answer 21

is a non-profitable organization helping pregnant and parenting teens develop the self-reliance and skills to be successful parents

it involves family outreach, group support programs, young dads, clothing, housing, high school completion, youth leadership, bursary, child care and post-secondary support