Psychology 100 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A
  • trying to answer the question of why the same person acts differently in different situations
  • thinking, feeling, and behavior and how people (the group) are able to influence the individual (individual)
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2
Q

Conformity

A
  • Social influence
  • change in behavior, attitude, belief in response to real or imagine pressure
  • adjust behavior to a group standard
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3
Q

Solomon Ash

A
  • Line test

- Group answers question wrong, but individual conforms to agree with the group

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4
Q

Likely to conform when:

A
  • unanimous majority of greater than 3 people
  • response is public
  • not expressed commitment to different ideas
  • doubt knowledge or abilities (incompetent, insecure)
  • strongly attracted to the group
  • collectivistic culture (group favored over individual)
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5
Q

Possible reasons for conformity: Why?

A
  • Normative social influence: desire to be LIKED

- Informative social influence: desire to be RIGHTf

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6
Q

Groupthink

A

-Idea that people in a group feel like its more important to create group cohesiveness rather than considering a realistic perspective

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7
Q

Invulnerability

*characteristic of Groupthink

A

Members feel they cannot fail

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8
Q

Rationalization

*characteristic of Groupthink

A

Members explain away warning signs and help each other rationalize their decision

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9
Q

Lack of introspection

*characteristic of Groupthink

A

Members do not examine the ethical implications of their decision because they believe that they cannot make immoral choices

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10
Q

Stereotyping

*characteristic of Groupthink

A

Members stereotype their enemies as weak, stupid, or unreasonable

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11
Q

Pressure

*characteristic of Groupthink

A

Members pressure each other not to question the prevailing opinion

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12
Q

Lack of disagreement

*characteristic of Groupthink

A

Members do not express opinions that differ from the group consensus

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13
Q

Self-deception

*characteristic of Groupthink

A

Members share in the illusion that they all agree with the decision

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14
Q

Insularity

*characteristic of Groupthink

A

Member prevent the group from hearing disruptive but potentially useful information from people who are outside the group

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15
Q

Group polarization

A

-idea that if you put a bunch of people together with the same view and get them to discuss, their views get more extreme (polarized) and pushed toward one direction

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16
Q

What to avoid

A

*avoid Groupthink and Group Polarization

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17
Q

4 ways to avoid Groupthink

A
  1. Have leader be impartial (doesn’t take sides or vote)
  2. Purposefully seek an opinion from outside the group
  3. Vote by secret ballot
  4. Welcome and encourage problems and critics
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18
Q

Social facilitation

A

Presence of other people could facilitate (make it better) behavior if the person is an expert and the task is easy

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19
Q

Social impairment

A

Task performance impaired in presence of other people when task is hard or haven’t practiced

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20
Q

Social loafing

A

What happens when we’re working toward a group goal and individuals become lazy
-Can call it diffusion of responsibility- not seen as accountable

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21
Q

Dindividuation

A

Occurs when individuals are in a large group and feel that they are anonymous (anonymity) (mob behavior)
-feel as if part of a group instead of an individual

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22
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

Worked as a graduate assistant in Solomon Ash’s study.

  • Asks whats going to happen if an authority figure asks you to do something
  • shock video
  • Forces that contribute to obedience
  • Doing things in small increments
  • Progressing
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23
Q

Persuasion

A

Try to get another person to change their belief, opinion, and behavior by argument, plead, and explaining

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24
Q

Complience

A

Change in behavior as a result of a person/group directing them to change

  • But the person has NO authority
    ex: someone with hands full asking you to hold the door open— they have no authority
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25
Commonality
Both conditions (persuasion and compliance) have deliberate attempt to influence them to change and we have a free choice
26
Social norms
Social rules, not explicitly said | ex: taking shoes off in someones house
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What social norms do
1. Help facillitate social interaction 2. Saves mental energy 3. Free you from anxiety (waving bye or shaking hand) *Different culture may have different social norms*
28
Rule of reciprocity
Going to feel pressure (social norm) to reciprocate if someone does something nice for you
29
Door-in-the-face technique
- Persuader is asking you for something so large that you are definitely going to refuse - When the persuader gets denied, they apologetically back down and ask for something smaller ex: asking for a large amount of money but accepting a smaller amount
30
That's-not-all technique
Before you can accept the offer/deal they want to throw something else in (doing you a favor) so you reciprocate and buy in ex: infomercials
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Rule of commitment
- To feel under pressure to behave the way you publicly committed to - applies to cognitive dissonance
32
Foot-in-the-door technique
The persuader is trying to get you to do something small that you probably agree to, then ask you for something larger
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Low-ball technique
Persuader gets you to make a public commitment and deliberately understakes the costs ex: car dealer understakes the cost, when you go to buy it is a greater price and you already made a public commitment
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More persuasion techniques
- Authority | - More likely to follow an expert
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Social Validation
More likely to follow an idea if many people are doing it | ex: Ford best-selling truck in America" so they must be the best
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Liking
More likely to say 'yes' to people we like
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Scarcity
Items become more desirable as they become less available
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3 components of attitude
1. Affective (emotion) 2. Behavioral 3. Cognitive
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Attitude formation
-Attitude formation via learning (common elements) Common elements: Direct contact, direct instruction, observation, interaction with others ex: Dad tells you not to smoke (Direct instruction) and is smoking himself (Observation)
40
Behavior most likely to follow attitude when
- Attitude extreme or frequently expressed - Direct experience - Knowledgable - May gain/lose something - Favorable response from others ex: exercise being helpful
41
Cognitive dissonance
- Rationalize behavior: form new cognition about certain thing (justify behavior) - Can be applied to increase good behaviors too - "Live your way into good thinking' - "Put on a happy fae"
42
Carlsmith 1959
Study where people came in and performed awful, boring tests and researchers told them they have to tell the people waiting that the task was fun Rationalize behavior: Justifying behavior saying it was fun because they were paid $20 Change attitude: Told people that task wasn't that bad because they couldn't justify (rationalize) $1
43
Impression formation
Primacy effect (halo effect/horn effect)
44
Social Categorization
Form schemas of what people are like - form schemas about people throughout our lifetime - automative and unconscious
45
Stereotype
over generalized belief that an individual has a set of characteristics that the whole group has- leads to us treating them differently- change behavior
46
Attribution
Cause of behavior, mentally infer, try to explain behavior
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Internal causes (dispositional)
Close to personality
48
External (situational)
how social situation is affecting behavior
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Fundamental attribution error
Looking on at an error when we're truing to explain behaviors of others -internal factors ex: Get cut off --> make error that guy is a jerk, and never say it is an accident
50
Actor-observer discrepancy
Extension of fundamental -explain behavior to external causes ex: when we cut someone off we say it was an accident
51
Categorize
Natural in-born tendency to categorize things and people, allows us to create groups
52
In-group
Tend to view more positively because we are in it (notice individual differences)
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Out-group
View negatively and view them as indistinguishable (they are all the same)
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Stereotype -> prejudice -> discrimination
generalize --> judge, negative attitude --> behavior, treat people differently
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Scapegoat
Goat departs and takes all with it *person who takes the blame -we scapegoat an entire group, the group takes the blame (our aggression, behavior, etc)
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Role of conflict
real conflict
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Social Identity Theory
1. We categorize people (put in groups) 2. Identify 3. Compare our group with other groups and favor our group
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Stereotype Vulnerability
Aware of stereotype associated with your own group and can affect your behavior and performance of particular task - Self fulfilling prophecy (behavior): being aware causes lower performance on task ex: See headline that says women do worse on standardized tests than men, then women go and take test and do bad because seeing the headline affected their performance -Stereotype threat (emotional): consequence, anxiety
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Intergroup contact (equal status)
Equal status situation, work towards common goal
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Cooperative situation (jigsaw classroom)
Working together cooepratively
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Liking/Loving Attraction
1. proximity- nearness or how frequently you encounter someone, familiarity * mere exposure effect: repeatedly encountering someone 2. Physical attractiveness 3. Similarity- common interests, attitudes, beliefs *opposites DO NOT attract
62
Love Triangle
- Robert Sternberg - Intimacy (self-disclosure): exposing oneself emotionally helps create emotional closeness - Passion- arousal component not necessarily sexual ex: heart racing, getting nervous -Commitment- decision to work on the relationship
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Romantic love
- Intimacy and passion | - short lived and arousal
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Companionate love
- Intimacy and commitment - more like a friend - long lasting and can be fulfilling
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Consummate love
- Intimate, passionate, and commitment - BEST kind of love - long lasting
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Role of equity
Must be a balance, give and take with self- disclosure and other components
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Altruism
Helping people at a cost but expect nothing in return
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Prosocial behavior
helping someone without knowing why | -it could be peer pressure, cost, and not really wanting to be there
69
Kitty Genovese story
28 year old woman came home from work at 3am , walked from car to front door. She gets attacked and stabbed and is sreaming, someone yells something out and the attacker goes away. But no one comes to her and he attacks her again. Someone yells at him again and he goes away. But again, no one came to help and the attacker came back a 3rd time and killed her. No one called the police or helped her.
70
Bystander effect
Watching instead of helping
71
Diffusion of responsibility
Waiting for someone else to step in and do something
Psychology 100
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