Chapter 6

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Active system receives info from senses, puts into useable form, and organizes for storage

Question 2

Parallel Distributed Processing Model PDP

Answer 2

-emphasizes parallel pathways/processing things are connected in a network
-Unconscious processing: happening automatically and effortless
ex:
Space: unconsciously, where items are in relation to another
Time: mentally sequencing events in time (retracing steps)
Frequency: amount of times you do something, processing number of times you do chores vs. number of times siblings do

Question 3

Levels of Processing Model

Answer 3

• How deeply we process
• If you process deeply, retention is better
• Understand meaning- deeply processing

Question 4

Information Processing Model

Answer 4

• The way it is processed in 3 stages

- Each stage differs in capacity, duration, and function

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

• Capacity= large
• Duration= short
• Function= Big snapshots of environment
• Iconic memory lasts up to 3 seconds
• George Sperling: flashing letters and tones

Question 6

Echolic memory

Answer 6

Saying “what?” after being asked a question then having enough time and realizing you know what was said

Question 7

Eidetic memory

Answer 7

Photographic memory

Question 8

Short term memory

Answer 8

-Capacity= small (7+-2_
-Duration= short
Function= one that will help us transfer into long term memory and then retrieve it
-Conscious process
-Selective attention and cocktail party effect: selectively pay attention to your name being heard at a party
-Auditory and visual effect

Question 9

Working memory

Answer 9

“CEO”

Question 10

Episodic buffer

Answer 10

• an episode/experience in your life

ex: remembering an iclicker/soemthing said

Question 11

Visou-spatial Sketchpad

Answer 11

Visually exploring

Question 12

Maintenance rehersal

Answer 12

• repeating numbers in your head
• George Miller came up with the amount of numbers you can share in short term memory
• 7 plus or minus 2 (7+-2)

Question 13

Method of Loci

Answer 13

Walking around the house and using each point for each section (location)- visual imagery

Question 14

Peg-word

Answer 14

• Rhyming technique

ex: 1,2 buckle my shoe

Question 15

Acronyms

Answer 15

BeingAdvisedToDream

Question 16

Link System

Answer 16

Linking many things you have to do one thing.

ex: visualizing all duties into one visual thing

Question 17

Long term memory

Answer 17

• Capacity = unlimited
• Duration = long term
• Function = storage of memories

Question 18

Self-reference effect

Answer 18

• relate to info you already know

- generate examples from own experiences

Question 19

Spacing effect

Answer 19

• Studying at short periods of time

- Spacing out

Question 20

Explicit

Answer 20

• direct detail, declare them
• with conscious recall
• episodic memory- about an experience
• semantic: general FACTUAL knowledge

Question 21

Implied

Answer 21

• procedural (implied)
• Go without saying (closing the door when leaving one’s house)
• motor skills (tying shoes)
• cognitive skills (math)
• unconscious recall

Question 22

Semantic Network Model

Answer 22

• PDP model

- Cluster things together

Question 23

Retrieval cues

Answer 23

• Encoding specificity: the cues that you have present during encoding will be retrieved best if you have those same set of cues there in retrieval (music)
• State-dependent learning
  ex: In a sad state, you retrieve things congruent with the sad state
  ex: If you study ‘high’ take the test ‘high’

Question 24

Recall

Answer 24

-Without cues
Serial Position effect:
-Primacy: first, beginning of list
-Recency: most recent, end of list

Question 25

Automatic encoding

Answer 25

Unconscious processing

Question 26

Flashbulb memories

Answer 26

High EMOTIONAL content and some physiological component involved - high level of certainty - taking a picture of that memory

Question 27

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 27

- Eyewitness testimonials: accuracy depends on how you ask questions - Misinformation effect: can actually alter your memory of the event - False memory syndrome: under hypnosis, plausible events

Question 28

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 28

- Forgetting curve - Nonsense syllables (ROH, LEZ, GEX, WOL) - Rapid forgetting of some info relatively soon after Ebbinghaus learned the nonsense syllables - Very little memory loss of the remaining info over the course of the following several weeks - rapid decline then steady

Question 29

Encoding failure | REASON FOR FORGETTING #1

Answer 29

If you don't pay attention then you will never be able to retrieve it

Question 30

Decay theory | REASON FOR FORGETTING #2

Answer 30

Physiological theory of memory. Physical trace in brain would decay if you don't use it (use it or lose it)

Question 31

Retroactive interference | REASON FOR FORGETTING #3

Answer 31

Recalling old info, but new info interferes "retro = old" ex: can't remember old number because new one interferes

Question 32

Proactive interference

Answer 32

Recalling new info, but old interferes | ex: saying ex's name to current behavior

Question 33

Biological Basis of Memory

Answer 33

Karl Lashley- physical piece in the brain | -memory trace (engram)

Question 34

Brain areas involved

Answer 34

Hippocampus -Explicit --> longterm Cerebellum -eye blink reflex Amygdala -emotion Cortex -storage

Question 35

Storage

Answer 35

- Changes in neurons with long term memory - Used aplysia (sea snail) - Changes alter repeated stimulation or Long term potential Structure: Increase in dendrites

Question 36

memory consolidation

Answer 36

- Work with something by encoding it | - biological processes are working in brain although you don't consciously remember

Question 37

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 37

- Moving backwards | - Losing OLD memory

Question 38

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 38

- Losing NEW memory | ex: 50 first dates

Question 39

HM Henrey

Answer 39

Severe epilepsy, removed temporal lobes, could not form new memories. - Lost ability to say things (explicit) - Still had implicit memory- skills/procedures (Tower of Hanoi)

Question 40

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 40

- Can't remember 2 and younger because brain isn't matured | - hippocampus immaturity

Question 41

If you want to remember something simple for just a couple of minutes, the MOST effective device is

Answer 41

rote rehersal

Question 42

Your tutor has one last word for you before she ends today's session. She tells you to study material in the middle of your study session a little harder. What concept from memory research is the basis of her advice?

Answer 42

Serial Position effect

Question 43

Christine has always had an usually effective memory. She credits this to the fact that after seeing something just once, she can visualize the object in great detail, as if she was looking at a photograph of it. Christine's ability is an example of

Answer 43

Eidetic imagery

Question 44

Why is implicit memory so difficult to study?

Answer 44

It does not operate on a conscious level

Question 45

What theory of forgetting attributes it to the more passage of time?

Answer 45

decay

Question 46

Memory is

Answer 46

a system that allows people to retain information over time

Question 47

What we are thinking of at any given moment, or what we commonly know as 'consciousness; is

Answer 47

short-term memory

Question 48

Although the capacity of short-term memory is limited, more items can be held in this kind of storage through the process of

Answer 48

chunking

Question 49

Tim is studying for a test. After 7 consecutive hours of studying, he finds he can remember what he just finished studying, but he can no longer remember what he studied five or six hours ago. Tim's memory problems are BEST explained by

Answer 49

retroactive interference

Question 50

The passage of time and frequency of events are examples of knowledge that is often subject to

Answer 50

automatic encoding

Question 51

The auditory equivalent of the icon is the

Answer 51

echo

Question 52

Use it or lose it would most likely be associated with

Answer 52

trace decay theory