Chapter 11

Question 1

Label the primary regions of the brain

Answer 1

See picture. Hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, brain stem (mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata)

Question 2

Name the 4 divisions of the adult brain

Answer 2

cerebrum
diencepahlon
brain stem
cerebellum

Question 3

The cerebrum can be divided into ___ + ___ cerebral hemispheres

Answer 3

left and right

Question 4

Which division makes up most of the brains mass?

Answer 4

cerebrum

Question 5

The cerebrum is covered with ….?(3)

Answer 5

gyri
sucli
fissures

Question 6

What do sucli do?

Answer 6

-sucli divide each hemisphere into frontal, pareital, temporal + occipital lobes, as well as the insula which is buried deep in the lateral sukus

Question 7

Name the 3 basic regions of each cerebral hemisphere

Answer 7

cerebral cortex
white matter
basal nuclei

Question 8

Describe the cerebral cortex

Answer 8

• thin layer of grey matter
• comprising the outer portion of the cerebrum
• center of the conscious mind

Question 9

Describe white matter

Answer 9

• FAST
• composed of bundles which connect grey matter areas
• carry nerve impulses between neurons

Question 10

Describe nuclei

Answer 10

-islands of grey matter located deep inside the white matter

Question 11

Describe the dienchephalon

Answer 11

• mostly made up of grey matter structures known as the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
• forms the central core of the forebrain
• surrounded by cerebral hemispheres
• encloses the 3rd ventricle

Question 12

Describe the brain stem

Answer 12

• superior region - mid brain, then pons,then medulla oblongata
• deep grey matter that is surrounded by white matter fiber tracts
• brain stem has nuclei of grey matter embedded in its white matter
• human survival behaviors emanate from here
• behaviors are automatic and highly controlled

Question 13

Describe the cerebellum

Answer 13

• 2nd largest part of the brain
• cauliflower shape
• processes inputs from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem and sensory receptors
• regulates skeletal muscles movements

Question 14

Label the locations of the ventricles of the brain

Answer 14

large lateral ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

Question 15

Describe the ventricles of the brain

Answer 15

interconnected cavities known as ventricles exist within the cerebral hemispheres + brain stem

• continuous with spinal cord central canal
• the walls of the hollow ventricular chambers are lined with ependymal cells
• contains CSF

Question 16

What are the hollow ventricular chambers lined with?

Answer 16

ependymal cells

Question 17

Describe the location of the large lateral ventricle

Answer 17

located inside the frontal, temporal + occipital lobes

Question 18

Describe the location of the 3rd ventricle

Answer 18

under the corpus callosum in the brains mid line

Question 19

Describe the location of the 4th ventricle

Answer 19

in the brain stem, and a narrow cerebral aquaduct joins it to the 3rd ventricle

Question 20

Explain the part of the brain connected to the pituitary gland

Answer 20

a stalk of hypothalamic tissue known as the infundibulum lie between mammillary bodies and the optic chiasma. The infundiabulum connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Question 21

Describe the functions of Hypothalamus (9)

Answer 21

• controls ANS
• controls endocrine system function
• initiates physical reactions to emotion
• regulates temperature, intake of food, water balance,thirst and sleep wake cycle
• primary visceral control center for body and vital homeostatis
• mamillary bodies act as relay stations in the olfactory pathways
• vital for limbic system, uses ANS pathway to initiate expressions of emotion
• controls hormone secreation from anterior pituitary gland
• produces antidiuretic + oxytocin hormones

Question 22

Describe the functions of the thalamus (4)

Answer 22

• relays information coming into the cerebral cortex
• mediates motor activities, sensation, cortical arousal learning + memory
• afferent impulses reaching the thalamus are basically recognized as pleasant or unpleasant
• Thalamic nuclei interpret instructions aiding in direction of motor cortical activity from the cerebellum to the basal nuclei

Question 23

Describe the centers that control blood pressure and respiration

Answer 23

In the brain stem the medulla oblongata contains a cardiovascular center which includes the cardiac center, the vasomotor center and respiration centers that control respiratory rhythm, rate and depth. Therefore the cardiovascular and respiratory centers control BP + respiration

Question 24

List the functions of the cerebellum

Answer 24

• processes inputs from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem and sensory receptors.
• regulates skeletal muscle
• all cerebellar activity is subsconcious

Question 25

Label the layers of the meninges

Answer 25

``` scalp/periosteum skull dura mater arachnoid mater arachnoid space pia mater brain tissue ```

Question 26

Name the 3 layers of the meninges

Answer 26

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 27

Describe dura mater

Answer 27

- outer most layer - made up of fibrous, tough, white connective tissue - has many blood vessels+ nerves - attaches to cranial cavity - extends inwards between brain lobes to form protective partitions - 2 layers of fibrous connective tissue (periosteal + meningeal layers)

Question 28

Describe arachnoid mater

Answer 28

- a thin, web like layer that lies between dura and pia maters

Question 29

Describe pia mater

Answer 29

- many blood vessels and nerves that nourish the brain + spinal cord - closely aligned with the surfaces of these organs - composed of many yiny blood vessels + delicate connective tissue - bound tightly to the brain + its convolutions