Microbiology > chapter 11 innate immunity > Flashcards

chapter 11 innate immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

1) recognize diverse pathogens
2) eliminate identified invaders
3) discriminate between self and foreign antigens

A

features of innate AND adaptive immunity

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2
Q

complement proteins are also known as

A

zymogen

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3
Q

what is opsonization

A

when the complement component, specifically C3B it coats the surface of bacteria or a pathogen

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4
Q

What molecules are the cause of pain during inflammation (like when you bump your hand)

A

kinins and eicosanoids, these are produced by mast cells.

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5
Q

what are the two cell types that get recruited during inflammation

A

neutrophils and monocytes

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6
Q

Which are the first cells to be recruited at any place either by a sterile injury or after an infection

A

neutrophils!

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7
Q

monocytes mature into what after leaving circulation and going into tissue

A

macrophages

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8
Q

what cells produce cytokines

A

leukocytes

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9
Q

exmaple of mucosa associated lymphiod tissue (MALT)

A

appendix and peyer’s patches

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10
Q

the three difference of adaptive immunity vs innate immunity

A

adaptive immunity:
-Take longer to mount
- Specific to a particular antigen
- Memory against pathogen

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11
Q

T cell development occurs in the

A

Bone marrow

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12
Q

T cells maturation ocurrs in the

A

Thymus

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13
Q

one important part of the adaptive immune response is

A

lymph

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14
Q

The place where the whole fluid is filtered for potential pathogens or presence of potential microorganisms.

A

lymph node

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15
Q

Function of lymph nodes!!

A

detect potential pathogens that might spread in the blood or reach different organs

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16
Q

most of the exisitng lymph nodes in our body exist where and why

A

the head and neck area,

Reason being nose is an opening, eyes is an opening, mouth is an opening. Ears are opening, so this is highly susceptible to the presence of microorganism.

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17
Q

So if there is a microorganism that is present in the blood, that microorganism will get filtered through the

A

spleen

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18
Q

spleen filterz

A

blood

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19
Q

lymph nodes filter

A

lymph

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20
Q

what is lymph

A

plasma (watery part of blood) that leaks out of the vessels into the tissue and moistens it

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21
Q

Examples of Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Tonsils, appendix, and Peyer’s patches

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22
Q

example of antigen from the host that induces an immune response

A

cancer cells

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23
Q

Any substance that can trigger or induce an immune response is known as

A

antigen

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24
Q

the ability of an antigen to trigger an immune response is known as

A

immunogenicity

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25
which form of antigen is highly immunogenic
protein
26
which form of antigen is the second most immongenic (inducing an immune response)
polysaccharides
27
which form of antigen is the third most immunogenic
lipids
28
molecules that cannot initiate an immune response on their own as they are conisdered incomplete antigens until they bind to a protein
haptens
29
exmaple of haptens
penicillins
30
function of penicillin
Penicillin alone = “invisible” to immune system Penicillin + your protein = “new foreign target”
31
what type of lymphocyte produces antibodies
B cells.
32
which region of the antibody only include the heavy chain
Fc region
33
antigen binding capacity is dependent upon the
Fab region of antibody
34
the first antibody produced in an infection
IgM
35
The antibody always present on B cells and act as receptor on B cell surface
IgD
36
___________can fight the parasitic infection because being at the mucosa surface, it's only ___________ that can trigger mast cells. And mast cells are important component against fighting parasitic infection.
IgE
37
which leukocytes are the most phagocytic
macrophages (monocytes) and neutrophils and dendritic celsl
38
which cytokine stimulates hematopoiesis
interleukins
39
which cytokine is primarily made by macrophages
tumor necrosis factors
40
what are the 4 kinds of cytokines discuessed
chemokines, interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors
41
which two cytokines induces fever
interleukins and TNFs
42
Some pathogens have evolved ways to steal iron from us. what is the name of organic molecules that pull iron from our iron-binding proteins
Siderophores
43
which pathway activates complement proteins spontaneously on its own by directly interacting with the pathogen
alternate pathway
44
which pathway uses antibodies to activate complement proteins
classical pathway
45
which pathway uses mannose binding protein and ficolins to activate complement proteins
lectin pathway
46
what is goal of the complement pathway
to form and activate the complement proteins C3b and C3a
47
which complement protein binds to the bacterial cell surface
C3b
48
which complement protein induces inflammation
C3a
49
what are the two things that C3b does
opsonization and cytolysis
50
define opsonization
that basically just means coating So what happens is formation of binding of C3b on microbial cell surface leads to the further activation of various other components of the classical pathway. For example, C5b, C7b, C6b, C8b, C9b, all the classical, all the complement proteins, they get activated and they form this barrier like structure.
51
describe the cytolysis that occurs in the complement cascade
this barrier is known as membrane attack complex and they poke a hole on the microbial cell surface. leading to lysis of the microbial cells and all the components of the microbial cells leaks out and the microbial cells DIE
52
how does inflammation occur in the complement system
by C3a!! when theres a threat, tissue cells and WBC release chemical mediators. They start producing cytokines that recruit complement and other pro-inflammatory factor that acts as a defense against any potential threat that could harm the host.
53
what are the three main goals of inflammation
recruit immune defenses limit the spread of infectious injury Deliver oxygen, nutrients, and chemical factors essential for tissue recovery
54
which leukocytes produce vasodialtors for inflammation
mast cells
55
what is the leukocyte responsible for the characterisitc feeling of pain
eosinophils
56
what are the three main phases of inflammation
1. vascular changes 2. leukocyte recruitment 3. resolution
57
describe the recruitment phase of inflammation
Those are the cells which will that will clear up the debris through phagocytosis. Plus they will start secreting certain cytokines called chemoattractants that will help in the healing through recruitment of other cells then, the leukocytes will undergo margination, meaning they slow down and roll and get attached to the endothelial cell layer of the blood vessel at the site of injury and then they escape out of the blood vessels. as the neutophils and macrophages reach there, They start ingesting not only the debris the dead cells but also the microorganisms or pathogens if they are present at that site. If it is only a sterile injury without the involvement of any microorganism, then they start engulfing the debris, the dead cells.
58
what are the cells that get recruited in the inflammation phase
neutrophils and macrophages
59
what is and when does dipedesis occur
Leukocytes change shape and squeezes out of the blood vessel, recruitment phase of inflammation
60
T cell development occurs in the
bone marrow
61
maturation of T cells occurs
in the thymus
62
all immune cells are developed where
bone marrow
63
immune cells besides t cells develop where
bone marrow
64
where does adaptive immunity start
in the lymph node. the lymph node is filled with many immune cells and scan the fluid for potential microorgansim and retain the microbes there
65
what do the lymph nodes filter
lymph
66
what does the spleen filter
blood
67
Diffuse system of lymphoid tissue
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
68
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) examples
Tonsils, appendix, and Peyer’s patches
69
Account for ~25% of circulating WBC
lymphocyte
70
which lymphocyte is part of innate immunity
NK cells
71
parts of an antigen that are recognized by B and T cells
epitopes
72
which type of cell requires antigen presenting cells to be able to recognize the antigen
T cells
73
which type of cell does not require antigen presenting cells as they are antibodies and can directly bind to the anitgen
B cells
74
plasma cells are
B cells
75
found on the surface of all cells (including phagocytic cells) except red blood cells
MHC I
76
only on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
MHC II
77
what are the three antigen presenting cells
Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells
78
what type of antigen is MHCI presenting
intracellular
79
what type of antigen is MHCII presenting
extracellular
80
On all body cells except red blood cells; serves as the body’s uniform
MHC I
81
Only on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
mhc ii
82
MHC I interacts with
CD8 on T cytotoxic cells
83
MHC II interacts with
CD4 on T helper cells
84
where do MATURE t cells and b cells reside
reside in lymph node tissues throughout the body
85
which type of B cell makes antibodies
the effector B cells known as plasma cells
86
HIV directly infects T helper-cells. Why is this problematic for cell-mediated immunity?
Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body.
87
Cytotoxic T cells will enter a virus-infected cell through pores and break down proteins by
releasing granzymes
Microbiology
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