CHPT 13

Question 1

humoral immune deficieny mean

Answer 1

there is some deficiency or defect in the functioning of B.
So either in the production of antibodies by the B cell or the stimulation of the B cells itself.
In either case, the adaptive immune response take a hit.
And if it is only limited to the B cell deficiency, that is known as humoral okay.

Question 2

cellular immune deficiency represents

Answer 2

1. a defect in T cell either in the activation of T cell,
2. proliferation of T cell,
3. T cell helping the B cell activation.
4. Even any defect in thymus itself, bc the T cell maturation happens in thymus

any kind of deficiency that limits the activation of the T cell component.

Question 3

Innate immunodeficiencies

Answer 3

1. any defect in the phagocytic function, any defect in the neutrophil function, macrophage function,
2. any defect in the chemotaxis where the cells are not able to reach to the site of injury or to the site of infection, or they are not able to degregulate, they are not able to pick up the bacteria.

Question 4

which cytokine is important for mediating tH1 response to mount an appropiate immune response towards an antigen

Answer 4

IL1

Question 5

which immunodeficiecny is acquired and not genetic (they start with a normal immune response but then eventually their immune system become defective)

Answer 5

secondary immunodeficiencies

Question 6

what is the #1 source of secondary immunodeficiencies

Answer 6

malnutrition

Question 7

which drugs lead to suppression in immune system

Answer 7

coticosteroids, anticonvulsant, immunosuppressants

Question 8

Usually drug-induced immunosuppression is__________ when the patient stops taking
the drug

Answer 8

reversed

Question 9

people with HIV or aids have a reduction of what and why

Answer 9

CD4+ T cells (helper T cells), because this virus specifically infect those T cells, grows in it, lyse it and have more of its kind being released from those cells

These T helper cells help B cells produce antibodies so now you see decline in this

Question 10

HIV affects

Answer 10

both cellular and humoral immunity

Question 11

hypersensitivity examples

Answer 11

allergy and autoimmunity

Question 12

there are 4 kinds of hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 12

type 1- dependent ON antibodies IgE
type 2- dependent ON antibodies IgG or IgM
type 3- dependent ON antibodies igG or IgM
type 4- dependent on T cells. no antibody mediated hypersenisitivity

Question 13

first stage of type one hypersensitivity

Answer 13

sensitization stage

1. The pollen is engulfed by antigen presenting cell. It should not be. It is not an antigen. The body should not have treated it as an antigen.
2. B-cells. They get activated. Since this was a mucosal IgE is produceed

3.IgE is produced to a particular antigen or allergen. This is is released in the circulation or it reaches the tissue. It binds to the surface of muscles.

Question 14

Second stage of type one hypersensitivity

Answer 14

is when the same individual is again exposed to the same antigen or pollen or allergen.

Now the antibodies are already bound on the surface of the cells, mast cells, and basophils

binding of these antigens on already bound antibody leads to or triggers the degranulation of mast cell and basophils

these granules are highly anaphylactic and induce hyperanaphylatic because these are vasoactive substance that are being released

Question 15

inhaled allergens will cause

Answer 15

cause localized allergic response to that organ system

Question 16

ingested allergens will cause

Answer 16

systemic reaction

Question 17

severity of reaction is dependent on

Answer 17

the level of IgE produced

Question 18

In type two hypersensitivity the antibodies involved are

Answer 18

IgG or IgM

NO IgE

Question 19

does type two hypersensitivites compose autoimmune immunity

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

what is the antigen in type one hypersensitivites

Answer 20

foreign antigen

Question 21

what is the antigen in type two hypersensitivites

Answer 21

our own cell

Question 22

what happens when antibody binds to a target

Answer 22

complements gets activated. once this happens we see either the formation of membrane attack complex or recruitment of phagoycytic cells

Question 23

what happens in type 2 hypersensitivies when the antibodies produces come in contract with our cells

Answer 23

complement is activated

Question 24

what cells have receptors for IgE

Answer 24

MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS

Question 25

what cells have receptors for IgG

Answer 25

Neutrophils, Natural Killer cells, Macrophages

Question 26

in type 2 hypersensitivies, after the cell is bound to their respective antibody , what happens?

Answer 26

different immune cells come (depending on the antibody) and perform cell lysis and eat our normal cell

Question 27

what type of antigen is present in the type two hypersensitivies

Answer 27

insoluable

Question 28

what is an insoluable antigen

Answer 28

one that is present on a cell surface

Question 29

exmaple of type two hypersensitivity

Answer 29

blood incompability

Question 30

blood antigens (for example A + or A-) is dependent on

Answer 30

Rh antigen, + means we have additional protein antigen RH

Question 31

Bood type (ABO) is dependent on what

Answer 31

what carb is present

Question 32

if you are positive and you're recieving blood from negative. what will happen

Answer 32

nothing

Question 33

if you are negative and you are recieving blood from positive what will happen

Answer 33

immune response triggered the antibodies will destroy the blood that is entering inside the body because they will recognize this as a foreign antigen.

Question 34

universal recipient

Answer 34

AB +

Question 35

universal donor

Answer 35

O- negative

Question 36

ncompatible blood it causes

Answer 36

hemolytic transfusion reaction lysis

Question 37

what is one way to prevent Rh factor incompatibility in pregancy effects

Answer 37

Rh(D) immunoglobulin (RhoGAM) therapy the antibodies will neutralize th Rh factor from the baby and the mom won't produce any immune response

Question 39

example of soluable antigen

Answer 39

toxin, secreted protein, anything in circulation that is not bound to the cell

Question 40

what happens when there is antibody +antigen complex present

Answer 40

complement gets activated

Question 41

what happens when complement gets activated in type III hypersensitivites

Answer 41

different immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) gets activated and release cytokine to clear this immune complex

Question 42

In type three hypersensitivity the antibodies involved are

Answer 42

IgG or IgM

Question 43

In type three hypersensitivity the antibodies bind to what

Answer 43

soluable targets

Question 44

In type two hypersensitivity the antibodies bind to what

Answer 44

insoluable target

Question 45

type 4 hypersensitivity is mediated by what

Answer 45

T cells against self antigen or harmless antigen

Question 46

which type of hypersensitivity is slow

Answer 46

type 4, mediated by T cells

Question 47

multiple sclerosis is what type of hypersensitivity

Answer 47

type 4, t cells are attacking the mylein sheath

Question 48

which type of hypersensitivity has T-cells that were fine so there was no genetic predisposition for this individual to mount any type for hypersensitivity reaction. but when foregin particles bind to host skin it activates T cells to produce cytokines to remove it from the body

Answer 48

Non autoimmune Type 4 hypersensitivities

Question 49

Like the type one hypersensitivity, there is a phase one of sensitization where T cells are sensitized during the first exposure. But the Re exposure is the time where T cells they get activated.

Answer 49

non-autoimmune type iv hypersensitivites

Question 50

example of Non autoimmune type four hypersensitivity

Answer 50

1. transplant rejection If the donor has MHC that is very different from the recipient MHC, the T cell will identify it as a foreign and will mount an immune response. There will be transplant rejection. That's why we give immune therapy. graft versus host disease You can imagine you removed the bone marrow from the individual. The recipient gave a different bone marrow. It started producing immune cells. Now those immune cells, if they are coming from an individual that is very different, having a very different MHC from the recipient, whatever immune cells that are being produced in the bone marrow will come out in the circulation and will start attacking all the cells in the body. If you remember, MHC is a molecule that is present on all the cell surface. So in that case, even if you try to fix the individual, it ended up damaging the whole host.