Chapter 11 Negative Emotions

Question 1

What is anger?

Answer 1

the emotional state associated with feeling injured or offended and with a desire to threaten or hurt the person who offended you

Question 2

What is anxiety?

Answer 2

A general fear that something bad may happen to you

Question 3

What’s blush?

Answer 3

a temporarily increased blood flow to the face, neck, and upper chest

Question 4

What is core disgust?

Answer 4

emotional response to an object that threatens your physical purity, such as feces, rotting food, or unclean animals

Question 5

What is embarrassment?

Answer 5

the emotion felt when one violates a social convention, thereby drawing unexpected social attention and motivating submissive, friendly behavior that should appease other people

Question 6

What’s fear?

Answer 6

a response to a specific perceived danger, either to oneself or to a loved one

Question 7

What is fear appeal?

Answer 7

a response to a specific perceived danger, either to oneself or to a loved one

Question 8

What is guilt?

Answer 8

the negative emotion felt when one fails or does something morally wrong but focuses on how to make amends and how to avoid repeating the transgression

Question 9

What is hostile aggression?

Answer 9

harmful behavior motivated by anger and the events that preceded it

Question 10

What is ideal affect?

Answer 10

the affective states that a person ideally wants to feel and will try to attain

Question 11

What is instrumental aggression?

Answer 11

harmful or threatening behavior used purely as a way to obtain something or to achieve some end

Question 12

What is moral disgust?

Answer 12

disgust response to violations of moral, rather than physical, purity

Question 13

What is prepared learning?

Answer 13

proposal that people and other animals are evolutionarily predisposed to learn some things (including fears) more easily than others

Question 14

What’s sadness?

Answer 14

an emotional response to a significant and perhaps irrevocable loss

Question 15

What are self-conscious emotions?

Answer 15

emotions such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt that require appraisal of yourself and how you appear to others

Question 16

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 16

belief that one is capable of doing something that one wants to do, such as changing a problematic behavior or developing a new skill

Question 17

What is shame?

Answer 17

the emotion felt when one fails or does something morally wrong and then focuses on one’s own global, stable inadequacies in explaining the transgression

Question 18

What is social anxiety?

Answer 18

intense anxiety specific to situations involving social interaction

Question 19

What is social fear learning?

Answer 19

learning to fear a new stimulus based upon seeing another person’s negative experience with it, or their fear response to it.

Question 20

What is startle potentiation?

Answer 20

enhancement of the startle response in a frightening situation compared to a safe one

Question 21

What is a startled response?

Answer 21

reaction to a sudden loud noise or other strong stimulus in which the muscles tense rapidly, especially the neck muscles, the eyes close tightly, the shoulders quickly pull close to the neck, and the arms pull up toward the head

Question 22

What is virtue signaling?

Answer 22

exhibiting behaviors (including emotional reactions) that advertise ourselves as valuable, norm-following, trustworthy social partners

Question 23

What is positive affect categorized as?

Answer 23

interested, attentive, excited, inspireed

Question 24

What is negative affect categorized as?

Answer 24

irretable, ashamed, distressed, upset, nervous, guilty

Question 25

What is Barrett's emotional categorization study?

Answer 25

-series of studies looking at the difference in discrete vs core affect model (using the experience sampling model) - studied sadness, fear, hostility, guilt - found that some people feel emotions granularily while others experince emotions as a valance scale (core affect= valance groupers + discrete better for granular splitters)

Question 26

What is emotional granularity?

Answer 26

The level of distinction an individual has in their perception of emotion

Question 27

What is Keltner's emotion expression model study? (with videos)

Answer 27

question= does a dimensional model capture emotions better than categories? participants= wide variety of people in adulthood procedure= participants watched 5 second videos and then had one of three measures 1. categorical judgerment survey ( chose the best emotion that represents the video) 2. free response (type the best option for the emtoion there are 600 emotions words at your disposal) 3. affective judgement survey (watched 12 rather than 30 videos and then ranked videos on the 14 appraisal dimensions) Results: - Tend to favor discrete approch (though no one video elicited just one emotion - argues idea of emotion families (similar emotional experinces felt between these but still distinctive emotions) - ex; pride= triumph+ admiration - anger= contempt+ dissapointment

Question 28

What is the sadness and comprehension study?

Answer 28

Question: Do negative emotions improve reading comprehension Method: - watched 2.5 min induction video ( pos/neg) - Read dense scientific text - tracked readers data to see were their eyes went on the page - did a comprehension test immediately after and then 1 week after Results: neg affect= slower but more attention to detail - pos affect= faster reading but more of a skim Implication: pos= big picture thinking (broaden theory) neg= singular focus

Question 29

What is the anger and social hierarchy study?

Answer 29

Q: Does anger influence subconcious thoughts on hierarchy and power? M: - induced emotion through writing prompt (either angry or neutral) - Had them fill out a word completion task ( fill in blank letters) R: anger causes cognitive shift to thinking more about status

Question 30

What is the Bordem study?

Answer 30

Q; Does bordem lead to self harm ? and does anger amplify this ? Participants= those who have engaged in self harm M: - induced bordem, anger or neutral through writing task (write about day or pleae write the same word over and over for 15 min) - had participants listen to 2 sec audio clips (neg= squealing pig, pos=bird chirp) R; People in bored condition listen to neg stimuli more ( helps with generalizing theory outside of shock testing)

Question 31

What is Shame + Guilt + Alcoholism study?

Answer 31

Q: What is the relationship between shame, guilt and, alcohol consumption? m; - did demographic, shame and guilt and then shame and guilt in alcholoism questionaires R: - fem participants more likely to feel shame and guilt for alcohol consumption - guilt= less alcohol usage -shame= more hazaerdous alcohol usage

Question 32

What is the shame and guilt study?

Answer 32

Q: how does shame differ from guilt across cultures? P: U.S. and Indian citizens (who spoke fluent english) M; imagine 1 of 2 scenerios (curse out customer or get in a minor car accident) - differing features= who? and how much you like them R; Argues for functionalist social emotion theroy (that you feel guilt and shame over how it affects others rather than just your self)

Question 33

What is the fear of falling in women study?

Answer 33

Q: Does training in emotional regulation help a fear of falling in rock climbers? M: - participants chose 1/3 groups (psych, training, or control) - did pre- fear questionaire - did 3 hour training - did post training questioniare ( 4 month later) R; - argued that emotional regulation improved preformance and reduced fear of falling

Question 34

What is Coren's Emotions and Music experiment (in class )

Answer 34

Participantd= u.s + chinese people Method; - Participants chose 5 second song clips for the procedure - 2 rating symstems (1= rate each of song based on an emotion - rating 2= rate each song based on an 11 point dimensional model) Results: - 93.3% of songs elicited at least 1 emotion - Lumped into 13 distinct categories (half that of film) - Argues for a discrete vs affect approch to emotional categorization