1
Q
What is the cognitive evaluation of what a stimulus or situation means for one’s goals, concerns, and well-being?
A
Appraisal
2
Q
What is the core motive to self-direct one’s behavior and feel in control of one’s life?
A
Autonomy
3
Q
What are categories of emotional experience, such as fear, anger, and sadness, thought to have evolved in response to specific kinds of threats and opportunities faced by human ancestors?
A
Basic/Discrete Emotions
4
Q
What is the model in which emotional feelings form a circle, where emotions close to each other are similar or likely to be experienced at the same time?
A
Circumplex Model
5
Q
What is the core motive to apply one’s skills to have an impact on the world, to feel capable of handling the demands of the world?
A
Competence
6
Q
What is the idea that emotions reflect the intersection of several appraisal dimensions that can be combined in different ways?
A
Component Process Model
7
Q
What is the underlying psychological phenomenon (process, ability, event) a researcher is trying to measure?
A
Construct
8
Q
What is the model for describing the feeling aspect of emotion, emphasizing dimensions of pleasure and arousal?
A
Core affect
9
Q
What is the motivational force that arises when a human’s biological needs (hunger, thirst, etc.) are deprived?
A
Drive
10
Q
What is the extent to which what happens in a study reflects what really happens in real life?
A
Ecological validity
11
Q
What is the method in which a researcher attaches electrodes to someone’s scalp and measures momentary changes in the electrical activity under each electrode?
A
Electroencephalography (EEG)
12
Q
What is the model of attitudes proposing that evaluations of some target goodness and badness are independent rather than opposite?
A
Evaluating space model
13
Q
What is the research method in which participants are asked to report on their experience at random intervals throughout the day?
A
Experience Sampling
14
Q
What is motivation sourced from external incentives and the threat of punishment rather than internal forces?
A
Extrinsic Motivation
15
Q
What is the research method that measures brain activity based on changes in oxygen uptake from the blood?
A
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
16
Q
What is the tendency of human beings (and other organisms) to approach pleasure/reward and avoid pain/punishment?
A
Hedonism
17
Q
What are molecules that carry instructions from the brain to other bodily organs by way of the blood supply?
A
Hormones
18
Q
What are stimuli in the environment that motivate one to engage in a behavior?
A
Incentives
19
Q
What is motivation that springs from internal needs, forces, and desires rather than incentives or threat of punishment?
A
Intrinsic Motivation
20
Q
What is motivation based on the behavior or feeling like it is part of one’s identity?
A
Identified regulation
21
Q
What is motivation based on awareness of societal norms regarding this behavior and the wish to avoid internal feelings of shame or embarrassment?
A
Integrated regulation
22
Q
What is the view that emotions (especially the feeling aspects of emotions) are the labels we give to the way the body reacts to certain situations?
A
James-Lange Theory
23
Q
What is a diffuse, longer-lasting affective state of being not tied to a particular stimulus?
A
Mood
24
Q
What is the energy and direction underpinning human behavior and choice?
A
Motivation
25
What is the branch of the nervous system that conserves energy for later use and facilitates digestion, growth, and reproduction?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
26
What is the experimental technique in which mental representations are called to mind, predisposing the participants to the stimulus?
Priming
27
What is the process by which people develop mental concepts linking different aspects of emotions to each other and to eliciting situations?
Psychological construction
28
What is the view that it is important to consider whether a motivation is focused on promoting a desired end state or preventing an undesired end state?
Regulatory focus theory
29
What is the core motive to be meaningfully socially engaged with other humans?
Relatedness
30
What is the repeatability of the results of some measurement, expressed as a correlation between one score and another?
Reliability
31
What is the view that human beings are intrinsically motivated to determine their own lives, shaped by the core needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness?
Self-determinism theory
32
What is the fight or flight branch of the autonomic nervous system that readies the body for intense physical activity?
Sympathetic nervous system
33
What is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure?
Validity
34
What is the strong understanding of emotions that views negative emotions as poisons and focuses on regulating negative and strong emotions?
Buddhism
35
What is the view that emotions are connected to actions, based on beliefs, and that persuasion is crucial to emotional intelligence?
Aristotle's emotions
36
What are the six fundamental emotions identified by Descartes?
Anger, desire, joy, love, hatred, and sadness
## Footnote
Emotions reside in the soul (mind) and body.
37
Who wrote 'Expression of Emotions in Humans and Animals' and believed in universal human emotions?
Charles Darwin
38
What is the view that intense traumas produce lasting psychological traumas and that emotions are key to understanding mental disorders?
Sigmund Freud and Emotions
39
What is a general example of emotion for an individual to go off of, raising questions of what counts as an emotion?
Prototype-Based Definition of Emotion
40
What is the general definition of emotion that states emotions are adaptive, triggered by an event, and pertain to four components?
General definition of Emotion
41
What is the common sense view of emotions that states an event leads to a subjective feeling and behavior without an appraisal stage?
Common Sense View of Emotions
42
What is the James-Lange Theory's view on emotions?
Event -> Appraisal -> Physiological change + behavior -> Subjective feeling
## Footnote
There is a different physiological response for every different emotion.
43
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
Event -> appraisal, physiological response, subjective feeling (all happening at once)
## Footnote
Lack of physiological response does not reduce emotion.
44
What is the Schachter-Singer theory based on?
An experiment where groups were given either a placebo or adrenaline and exposed to different emotional stimuli.
45
What are the empirically established emotions?
Anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and potentially happiness
46
How do emotions and motivation interact?
1. Emotions provide energy for motivations. 2. Emotions provide feedback towards our goals.
47
What is the evolutionary perspective on humans with emotion?
Emotions are part of human nature and not wholly learned; they come from instincts.
48
What is emotional orientation?
The act of shifting focus to the source of the emotional response.
49
What is emotional organization?
The body's physical response to emotions.
50
How is communication tied to emotions?
Emotional responses are key to creating complex relationships with others.
51
What is variation in the context of offspring?
Every offspring is different due to genetic dispersment.
52
What is natural selection?
Helpful adaptations are cultivated over generations while unhelpful ones are weeded out.
53
What are selection pressures?
The physical and social pressures that have determined how humans have evolved.
54
What is intrasexual competition?
Sexual competition within a sex in a species.
55
What is intersexual competition?
Sexual competition between the sexes in a species.
56
What is amae?
A Japanese term describing the feeling of pleasurable dependence on another person.
57
What is biculturalism?
An individual with the ability to alternate between membership in one culture and another.
58
What is colexification?
The combination of concepts captured by separate words in one language into a single word in another language.
59
What is cultural priming?
An experimental manipulation that makes one of the bicultural person's cultural identities especially salient for a short period of time.
60
What is culture?
The meanings, conceptions, and interpretative schemes activated by participation in social practices.
61
What is a culture of honor?
A culture in which one's reputation for strength, self-reliance, pride, personal integrity, and toughness is important for social standing.
62
What is dialectical epistemology?
The belief that reality is always changing and that the same proposition can be both true and false from different perspectives.
63
What are display rules?
A cultural group's rules about when and with whom it is appropriate to display certain kinds of emotional expressions.
64
What is emotional complexity?
The simultaneous experience of positive and negative emotions.
65
What are emotional scripts?
Socially constructed, cultural beliefs that certain events, thoughts, sensations, feelings, and behaviors cluster together in an emotion-like concept.
66
What is historical heterogeneity?
The extent to which a country's population reflects immigration from a wide range of other geographical regions over the last 500 years.
67
What is a horizontal society?
One in which people typically minimize attention to status differences and seldom acknowledge those differences publicly.
68
What is hypercognition?
To create an elaborate network of associations and distinctions that contribute to an increase in the vocabulary for some emotion.
69
What is hypocognition?
To fail to give an emotion much cognitive elaboration or detail.
70
What is ideal affect?
The profile of emotions that is considered most desirable varies from individual to individual and across cultures.
71
What is individualism?
Emphasis on individual uniqueness, personal beliefs, being true to one's self, and independence from others.
72
What is a lexical decision task?
A task used to assess concept activation, where participants decide as quickly as possible whether a string of letters forms a word.
73
What is linear epistemology?
The belief that knowing something means knowing what is constant and unchanging about it.
74
What is the motivation to pursue happiness?
The extent of one's desire and expectation to feel very happy nearly all of the time.
75
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
The proposal that humans require language to think and therefore we have only those experiences, thoughts, and perceptions for which we have words.
76
What is simpatia?
A relational value of warmth, compassion, and prioritization of group harmony, strongly emphasized in Latin American culture.
77
What is the social construction of emotion?
The process by which societies create culture-specific ways of thinking about, experiencing, and expressing emotion.
78
What is the sociological perspective?
A theoretical perspective proposing that cultural characteristics can be explained at least in part by features of the local physical and social environment.
79
What is a vertical society?
One that pays particular attention to the social hierarchy and encourages emotions and behaviors that respect status differences.
80
What is a within-subject design?
An experimental design in which each subject participates in multiple conditions to compare performance across those conditions.
81
What are epiphenomena?
The byproducts of evolution that have no adaptive function.
82
What is de novo?
A trait that appears and is completely new.
83
What perspective pays attention to the local physical and social environment?
Sociological perspective
84
What is a society that respects status differences?
Vertical Society
85
What experimental design involves each subject participating in multiple conditions?
Within-subject design
86
What are byproducts of evolution with no adaptive function?
Epiphenomena
## Footnote
Example: snoring, belly button direction
87
What is a trait that appears completely new?
De novo
88
What are adaptive traits that stem from previously evolved traits?
Exaptions
89
What is at the heart of the evolutionary perspective?
Genes
90
Are humans a highly social species?
Yes
91
What do basic motivations stem from?
Adaptations
92
What system involves approaching opportunities and rewards?
Approach Motivation
## Footnote
Example: basic needs, social opportunities, material resources, sex partners, family, potential affiliations
93
What system involves threat detection and avoidance?
Avoidance Motivation
## Footnote
Example: predators, toxic foods, environmental hazards, dangerous people
94
What system regulates the relationship between a parent and their offspring?
Attachment Motivation
95
What is the basic motivation to ascend in status?
Power Motivation
96
What motivation involves creating communal relations and affection?
Affiliation Motivation
97
What motivation involves acting with hostility towards others?
Anti-social Motivation
98
What is a common set of questions used to evaluate stimuli?
Appraisal Dimensions
99
What appraisal indicates adequate coping resources for a threat?
Challenge appraisal
100
What theory suggests that anger is enhanced by unpleasant events?
Cognitive-neoassociationistic model of anger
101
What is a basic problem or benefit encountered in the environment?
Core relational theme
102
What is a conditioned response to stimuli previously associated with rewards?
Cue reactivity
103
What causes of events are removed in terms of their one-time process?
Distal causes
104
What does basic/discrete emotions theory say about simultaneous emotions?
Emotional blend
105
What hormone produced by the stomach increases hunger?
Ghrelin
106
What hormone produced by fat cells reduces hunger?
Leptin
107
What effect describes liking targets due to repeated exposure?
Mere exposure effect
108
What is the relevance of an event to an individual's needs in Lazarus's theory?
Primary Appraisal
109
What causes of events are close in time or process?
Proximity causes
110
What is the innate response crucial for feeding in newborns?
Rooting reflex
111
What appraisal involves an individual's assessment of coping ability?
Secondary appraisal
112
What appraisal indicates a threat exceeds one's ability to cope?
Threat appraisal
113
What is Shaver's theory of universal emotions?
1. Grouped emotions into 135 common words. 2. Sorted these words yielding Love, Joy, Sadness, Anger, Fear, and Surprise as major universal emotions.
114
How did Shaver's theory work in Indonesian?
Results were nearly identical to English with Love, Joy, Sadness, Anger, and Fear categories.
115
How did Shaver's study go in Basque?
It was similar to the English and Indonesian versions with Love, Joy, Sadness, Anger, and Fear categories.
116
How did the Mandarin version of Shaver's theory differ?
Included a Sad-love category and shame as a further distinction.
117
How did Lutz's study on the Ifaluk language go?
General categories are similar to discrete emotions in English, relating emotions to the environment.
118
What structure in the brain evaluates emotional information?
Amygdala
119
What are positive feelings in anticipation of a reward called?
Anticipatory Pleasure
120
What system supports approach toward opportunities?
Behavioral Activation System
121
What system supports avoidance of threats?
Behavioral Inhibition System
122
What neurotransmitter serves as a natural painkiller?
B-endorphin
123
What comprises the brain and spinal cord?
The Central Nervous System
124
What area is important for cognitive, memory, and emotional functions?
Cingulate Cortex
125
What are positive feelings during the enjoyment of a reward called?
Consumatory Pleasure
126
What neurotransmitter is important for appetitive behaviors and mood?
Dopamine
127
What are rapid changes in the EEG signal in response to stimuli?
Event-related potentials/Evoked Potentials
128
What procedure involves learning that a new stimulus predicts an aversive event?
Fear Conditioning
129
What is the gradual deterioration of the frontal and temporal lobes called?
Frontotemporal Lobar Dementia
130
What technique measures changes in blood oxygenation at the scalp?
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (FNRIS)
131
What is the body's regulation of variables within a healthy range?
Homeostasis
132
What structure directs the pituitary gland and regulates hunger?
Hypothalamus
133
What neuroimaging design scans two or more humans at the same time?
Hyperscanning
134
What region of the cortex is important for visceral sensations?
Insular Cortex/ Insula
135
What is the perception of the body itself called?
Introception
136
What syndrome involves emotional changes after removal of anterior temporal lobes?
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
137
What is damage to part of the brain called?
Lesion
138
What set of structures is proposed as the emotion network of the brain?
Limbic System
139
What are the chemicals that neurons use to communicate?
Neurotransmitter
140
What structure focuses attention and energizes behaviors leading to reward?
Nucleus Accumbens
141
What hormone and neurotransmitter facilitates bonding?
Oxytocin
142
What region of the frontal cortex is associated with self-regulation?
Prefrontal Cortex
143
What is a logical fallacy involving predictor and outcome?
Reverse Inference
144
What interconnected set of brain structures plays roles in approach motivation?
Reward Circuit
145
What neurotransmitter is involved in sensory, cognitive, and emotional processes?
Serotonin
Emotions
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
-
Unit 1145
-
Chpt 7 Autonomic Nervous System39
-
Chapter 5 Facial Expressions48
-
Chapter 8 Emotional and Motivational Development34
-
Chapter 9 Emotions in Relationships43
-
Chapter 10 Cognition Emotions and Motivation35
-
Chapter 11 Negative Emotions34
-
Chapter 12 Positive Emotions34
-
Chapter 13 Clinical Psych44
-
Chapter 15 Emotional Regulation34
