Chapter 11- Water

Question 1

H2O is

Answer 1

a greenhouse gas, it hold heat

Question 2

drought=

Answer 2

• no clouds

- positive feedback loop

Question 3

Water in Canada

Answer 3

• lakes and rivers (over 2 million lakes, 8500 named rivers)
• groundwater (50% of our freshwater, 6million Canadians rely on ground water)
• glaciers (1000 named glaciers)

Question 4

What % of Canada is covered with lakes and rivers?

Answer 4

12%

Question 5

aquifer

Answer 5

sand and rocks that hold water if oil and gas pipes break through the aquifer must be careful about contaminants

Question 6

Ground water

Answer 6

• creating by surface water passing into the ground

- contained in sand & gravel, pores and cracks in bedrock (aquifers)

Question 7

Canada supplies how much global freshwater>

Answer 7

20% of global freshwater supply
only 0.5% of the population
-water used to be a commons resource but now it is becoming commercialized

Question 8

What % of wetlands does Canada have?

Answer 8

25%- more than any other country

Question 9

Importance of wetlands

Answer 9

• cleaning water before it reaches aquifer

- some of most biodiverse areas due to interface between land and water

Question 10

Intake

Answer 10

amount withdrawn or used from water supply

Question 11

Discharge

Answer 11

amount returned to the source

Question 12

Consumption

Answer 12

intake-discharge

Question 13

recirculation

Answer 13

water used 2+ times, or recycled to another use

Question 14

gross water use

Answer 14

intake + recirculation (hydroelectric dams=100% returned to original source
-can decrease water use by having a water meter

Question 15

wasting water

Answer 15

agriculture and irrigation

-very wasteful to water @ 30 degrees

Question 16

Consumption

Answer 16

Canada is 2nd in the world USA is 1st
about 326 litres per person per day at home
refugee camp had 20L per day

Question 17

Reasons for complacency about water supplies

Answer 17

-due to myth of superabundance

Question 18

Human interventions in hydrological cycle

Answer 18

• water diversions (changing course of a river to divert it somewhere else)
• divert river into another river has huge ecological implications with species
• do diversions to avoid flooding

Question 19

How many dams to we have in Canada

Answer 19

600 large dams

Question 20

How many water basins?

Answer 20

60 large inter-basin diversions

Question 21

Purpose of diversions

Answer 21

1. Increase water supplies for community regions
2. Deflect watercourses away from or around areas
3. Enhance capacity of a river for other uses (floating, log transport, wastes)
4. Combine/consolidate water lows for hydroelectricity

Question 22

James Bay Project

Answer 22

** READ IN TEXTBOOK

Question 23

Water pollution comes from…

Answer 23

industrial
urban
agriculture

Question 24

point source pollution

Answer 24

origin easy to identify (know where it came from)

Question 25

non-point source pollution

Answer 25

can't be identified with specific places | -hard to know where it came from ex) agriculture run-off, car pollution

Question 26

Point Sources

Answer 26

ex) factory, pouring stuff into stream, waste from house, institutions - can be treated to varying degrees

Question 27

3 levels of water treatment

Answer 27

1. Primary- removes only insoluble material (let waste settle out) 2. Secondary- removes bacterial impurities from water that has already had primary treatment, bacteria that eats up the nasties 3. Tertiary- removes chemicals and nutrient contaminants following secondary treatment

Question 28

Water Source for Camrose

Answer 28

dry mead lake

Question 29

Ways of categorizing water

Answer 29

-excellent, good, fair, marginal, poor Bow River@ cochrane= excellent Bow River @ Calgary= fair Athabasca river is in the best shape in many parts of the province

Question 30

Non-point sources

Answer 30

diffuse pollution- agricultural and urban run-off Layered problem- 1st layer- environmental degradation & economic costs imposed on downstream users 2nd layer- ecosystem health or integrity and especially human health 3rd layer- problems regarding human values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour

Question 31

Buffer

Answer 31

keep trees and plants around to filter the water, birth control pills into organisms causing gender changes (more females)

Question 32

Solution to pollution

Answer 32

dilution (popular phrasing not a good solution)

Question 33

Water Security

Answer 33

-ensuring a sufficient quantity of water of adequate quality for human use

Question 34

Watershed

Answer 34

- an area or ridege of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas - an area or region drained by a river, river system, or other body of water

Question 35

We are in the...

Answer 35

battleriver watershed

Question 36

Water as a hazard

Answer 36

Flooding- normal hydrological function - water is dynamic and cannot be controlled - require regular floods to regenerate organisms - Pakistan flood killed over 100s of 1000s of people

Question 37

Reducing Flood Damage

Answer 37

1. Structural Approaches- modify behaviour of natural system by delaying or redirecting flood waters 2. Non-structural approaches- modify behaviour of the people

Question 38

Levies

Answer 38

ways to channel water away

Question 39

Structural Approaches

Answer 39

1. Upstream dams and storage reservoirs 2. Protective dykes or levees 3. Deepening or straightening river channels

Question 40

Non-Structural Approaches

Answer 40

1. Land-use zoning 2. Relocation of structures (move things from areas of flooding) 3. Information & education 3. Insurance $$$$- most insurance companies won't insure if you fill on a flood plane

Question 41

Best strategy?

Answer 41

Structural and non-sturctural approaches (mix of the two)

Question 42

Camrose

Answer 42

more prone to drought | -2002 and 2008 major drought years

Question 43

Drought

Answer 43

- function of... - lack of precipitation - temperature - evaporation - evapotranspiration - moisture retention capacity of soil - resilience of flora & fauna - animals able to wait out the drought - some plants wait for drougt to grow/bloom