Are religion and morality synonymous?
no
- if you are religious, it does not mean you are moral; if you are moral, it doesn’t mean you are religious
- morality can be taught through a religious structure, but can also exist outside of religion
What is Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective?
studied how people think about moral issues involving justice, fairness, and rights
- based on age and cognitive development
- moral reasoning progressed through cognitive stages
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective
What is the Heinz dilemma?
“Near death, a woman with cancer learns of a drug that may save her. The woman’s husband, Heinz, approaches the druggist who created the drug, but the druggist refuses to sell the drug for anything less than $2,000. After borrowing from everyone he knows, Heinz has only scraped together $1,000. Heinz asks the druggist to let him have the drug for $1,000 and he will pay him the rest later. The druggist says that it is his right to make money from the drug he developed and refuses to sell it to Heinz. Desperate for the drug, Heinz breaks into the druggist’s store and steals the drug. Should Heinz have done that? Why or why not?”
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective
What is preconventional reasoning?
behavior governed by self-interest
- concerned with rewards and punishments
- not about right or wrong, justice or fairness
- internal and self-oriented
- ie. don’t speed so you don’t get a ticket, not because you want to keep others safe
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective
What is conventional reasoning?
behavior is governed by concern for others
- uphold rules and maintain social order like everyone else
- motivation: to please others, gain affection
- external and other-oriented
- ie. take care of elderly parents even though you don’t want to
- Heinz example: he should not have stolen the drug—stealing is against the law
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective
What is post-conventional reasoning?
behavior is governed by abstract principles applied to individual rights
- laws are flexible social contracts and can be violated given a unique situation
- changes discriminatory laws (ie. racism and sexism)
- often seen as issues of social justice
- Heinz example: he should steal the drug because in that particular situation, breaking the law is preferable than having someone die
What are the 2 main individual and contextual influences on moral reasoning?
- gender differences
- culture
Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning (Gilligan)
What is care orientation?
desire to maintain relationships and responsibility not to cause harm
- feminine mode of moral reasoning
- Kohlberg’s conventional stage
Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning (Gilligan)
What is justice orientation?
based on abstract principles of fairness and individualism
- masculine mode of moral reasoning
- Kohlberg’s post-conventional stage
What was Gilligan’s belief in gender differences in moral reasoning?
believed that we do not progress through stages, but instead boys and girls are socialized differently to approach a moral dilemma
Describe cultural influence in moral reasoning.
- Kohlberg believed his sequence was cross-cultural
- Western cultures (individualistic culture) emphasize rights of the individual (justice orientation; post-conventional)
- Non-Western cultures (collectivistic culture) focus on human interdependence (care orientation; conventional)
What is prosocial behaviour?
voluntary behavior intended to benefit another
What is empathy?
capacity to understand someone’s feelings
Describe empathy in toddlers.
- begins early in development
- toddlers show increasing prosocial responses to other people who are having physical or emotional distress (ie. when someone is crying, they show concern and want to calm them down)
- they have some level of distress when they see others in distress
What are the 4 biological and contextual influences on prosocial behaviour?
- genes that influence oxytocin
- cognitive advances
- parents and other caregivers
- broader social world
How do genes that influence oxytocin influence prosocial behaviour?
whether genes release high levels of oxytocin is related to whether the individual can express prosocial behaviour
How do cognitive advances influence prosocial behaviour?
- older = can express more prosocial behaviour
- greater levels of perspective-taking
How do parents and other caregivers influence prosocial behaviour?
- can encourage prosocial behaviour by including children in chores and caregiving activities
- can encourage prosocial behaviour by using correct language to discuss feelings, which helps toddlers understand the emotions of others, which encourages empathy and prosocial behaviour
- parents who model sympathetic concern end up with preschoolers who are more likely to show concern for others
How does the broader social world influence prosocial behaviour?
- collectivistic cultures—more likely to live with extended family, share household responsibilities, maintain positive relationships with others and emphasize the importance of all of those things (promotes prosocial values and behaviours more than individualistic cultures)
- individualistic cultures—less likely to volunteer and express prosocial behaviour
What is induction?
positive discipline method based on reasoning and guidance
- parents model effective conflict resolution
- focuses on behaviour and not child’s characteristics
- helps children internalize rules and standards
- in the end, it supports prosocial behaviour because you are helping the child learn to make decisions on their own that promotes behaviour that is best for everyone
What is spanking and other power assertions?
negative discipline through controlling a child’s behaviour through the use of power
- telling child what to do and what not to do, but not explaining why or providing guidance
- hinders development of prosocial behaviour
- damages the parent-child relationship (child avoids parent, becomes passive, lies)
- only temporarily increases compliance (ie. in the future, they will do it when the parent isn’t around because the parent did not explain why they shouldn’t do it)
- linked with emotional, social and behavioural problems
- problem: teaching children that hitting others is OK, and violence and control is the way to ‘resolve’ issues
What is antisocial behaviour?
behaviour that harms others, is disruptive or hostile, or transgresses social norms
- do opposite of acceptable behaviour (opposite of prosocial behaviour)
What is aggression?
behaviour that harms or violates the rights of others, whether overtly or covertly
What are the 3 types of aggression?
- instrumental aggression
- relational aggression
- peer victimization (bullying)
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Chapter 1: Foundations of Development77
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Chapter 2: Biological and Environmental Foundations and Prenatal Development58
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Chapter 3: Physical Development59
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Chapter 4: Brain, Perception, and Motor Development52
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Chapter 5: Health34
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Change - Cognitive-Developmental and Sociocultural Approaches41
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Chapter 7: Cognitive Change - Information Processing Approach39
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Chapter 8: Intelligence51
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Chapter 9: Language Development34
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development51
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Chapter 11: Self and Identity44
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Chapter 12: Moral Development33
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Chapter 13: Gender and Sexuality81
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Chapter 14: Family Formation and Diversity, Parent-Child Relationships, and Sibling and Peer Relationships61
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Chapter 15: Preschool and Formal Education Experiences, and Work and Career Experiences0
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Chapter 16: Endings0
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FINAL EXAM146
