+ FMST 210 > Chapter 8: Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Intelligence Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of intelligence?

A

crystallized and fluid

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2
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

one’s knowledge base acquired through experience, education, and living in a particular culture

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3
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

underlying capacity to make connections among ideas and draw inferences

ie. information processing

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4
Q

What was the first intelligence scale/test?

A

Binet and Simon (1905)

  • created the first intelligence test in France in French
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5
Q

What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (1917)?

A

measures IQ

  • revised Binet and Simon test
  • still used today, has been revised again several times
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6
Q

What is intelligence quotient (IQ)?

A

measures knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual–spatial processing, working memory, and fluid reasoning (processing speed)

shows not only what you know, but also how you manipulate what you know to solve problems

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7
Q

What does an IQ test involve?

A

activities (verbal and non-verbal) that involves the 5 things that IQ measures:

  • knowledge
  • quantitative reasoning
  • visual–spatial processing
  • working memory
  • fluid reasoning (processing speed)
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8
Q

What is the average IQ? How has it been maintained across time?

A

average IQ: 100

standardized IQ tests used today have continuously been revised to accommodate increasing intelligence

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9
Q

What is the most recent intelligence scale?

A 
Wechsler Scales (1935)
- more widely used today than Stanford-Binet
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10
Q

How many different Wechsler Scales are there?

A

3 different scales based on age of participant, BUT has more to do with their cognitive abilities

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11
Q

What do the Wechsler Scales measure?

A
  • verbal comprehension
  • perceptual reasoning
  • working memory
  • fluid reasoning (processing speed)
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12
Q

What is normal distribution of intelligence?

A

most people score close to the mean score with few people scoring extremely high or low

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13
Q

What 4 things predict IQ?

A
  • academic achievement
  • occupational success
  • job performance in some professions
  • health and longevity
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14
Q

How does IQ predict occupational success?

A

higher IQ = higher-paying jobs = higher academic achievement

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15
Q

How does IQ predict job performance in some professions?

A

correlation between higher IQs and more intellectually-demanding jobs

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16
Q

How does IQ predict academic achievement?

A

they are measured in similar ways to IQ, therefore we expect a strong correlation

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17
Q

How does IQ predict health and longevity?

A

higher IQ = better physical health and longer life expectancy (however, this can be affected by low SES)

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18
Q

What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A
  • acknowledges that individuals adapt to, and modify sociocultural contexts
  • some level of intelligence is influenced by experiences and sociocultural context in which they grow up
  • suggests that standardized testing is not the best testing
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19
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

What are the 3 forms of intelligence?

A

analytical
creative
practical (applied)

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20
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

What is analytical intelligence?

A

what a standardized IQ test measures (ie. “book smart”)

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21
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

What is creative intelligence?

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A

ability to deal with novelty

22
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

What is practical (applied) intelligence?

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A

ability to deal with surroundings, culturally-aware (ie. “street smart”)

23
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Why is wrong with only measuring analytical intelligence?

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A

underestimates the intellectual strengths of individuals (particularly in children), because it leaves out creative and practical intelligence

24
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

How is analytical intelligence tested?

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A

how efficiently people

  • acquire knowledge
  • process the information
  • engage in metacognition
  • generate and apply strategies to solve problems
25
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence How is creative intelligence tested?
- how well people respond to new tasks quickly and efficiently - ability to learn easily - ability to compare information with what’s already known and come up with new ways to organize that informatio - ability to display original thinking
26
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence How is practical (applied) intelligence tested?
how well people - deal with their surroundings - select and modify their environment - adapt to their environment - adapt to the environment to fit their needs
27
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence How is intelligence viewed?
as a socially and culturally defined construct
28
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence How are the 3 forms of intelligence viewed across cultures?
recognized across cultures
29
What is a cohort?
group of people born at around the same time (ie. millennials, baby boomers) intelligence tends to increase with each new generation
30
What is the Flynn effect?
widespread increases in IQ over the last 100 years - fluid IQ: continuing to increase - crystallized IQ: started to level off
31
Flynn Effect Why does fluid IQ continue to increase?
due to: - increase in access to education - increase in experiencing more challenging socioenvironmental experiences
32
What are some ethnic differences in IQ?
- African Americans tend to score 10-15 points below Caucasian Americans on IQ tests - African Americans < Hispanic Americans < Caucasian Americans =< Asian American
33
What are some SES differences in IQ?
- accounts for many ethnic differences in IQ scores - differences based on SES are not inborn - contributes to IQ through differences in culture, nutrition, living conditions, school resources, intellectual stimulation, and life circumstances
34
Explain what it means by "differences based on SES are not inborn."
- infants in low SES environments do not show any differences on measurements that can predict intelligence (ie. habituation) - differences emerge over time as a result of growing up in low SES environments
35
What are some educational differences in IQ?
IQ scores are closely linked with education ie. children in low SES don’t have an opportunity to increase IQ based on their SES
36
Describe IQ levels in children over the school year and summer in low SES environments.
IQ decreases in children during the summer (not in school anymore), then comes back and improves during the school year
37
Describe IQ levels in children over the school year and summer in middle and high SES environments.
IQ is higher over the summer due to extracurriculars related to education, enrichment programs over the summer, summer camps, summer school, internships
38
Describe the cultural bias in IQ tests.
IQ tests tap the thinking style and language of the majority culture, placing minority groups at a disadvantage - may not be aware of the style and majority culture
39
How can we reduce cultural bias in IQ tests?
- need to include culturally fair questions (questions familiar to people from all backgrounds) that any individual can do as best as they can do - need to reduce reliance on verbal tasks (verbal tasks are more likely to show ethnic, racial, and SES differences due to language differences between the groups)
40
What is giftedness?
IQ score higher than 130 OR specific ability substantially above average
41
How does giftedness emerge and be maintained?
needs to be developed and nurtured through either enrichment (ie. extra help and opportunities) or acceleration (ie. skipping grades), or the talent will deteriorate
42
What are intellectual disabilities?
- deficits in cognition (IQ below 70) and age-appropriate adaptive skills - delayed development, and can be truncated
43
What can intellectual disabilities be caused by??
- genetic disorders (ie. down syndrome) | - sociocultural reasons (ie. result of severe neglect or child abuse, trauma, severe or chronic poverty)
44
What are learning disabilities?
difficulty with academic achievement despite having normal intelligence and normal sensory function ie. dyslexia
45
What is dyslexia?
reading disorder in which an individual has difficulty relating words to sounds, and processing speech—can be influenced by genetics
46
What are Autism Spectrum disorders?
marked by social and communication deficits, and restrictive and repetitive behaviors range of severity of social and communication deficits (high, average, low functioning)
47
What can cause Autism Spectrum disorders?
- can be hereditary, but the effects are likely epigenetic (gene might be there, but may or may not be expressed) - can be caused by mother’s exposure to chemicals prior to birth - can be caused neurologically in terms of synaptic strength that has been disrupted in some way
48
What does special education do?
ensures equal access to education to individuals with intellectual learning challenges and cognitive disabilities and delays
49
What are the 2 types of special education?
mainstreaming and inclusion
50
What is mainstreaming?
whenever possible, children are educated with their peers for all or part of the day
51
What is inclusion?
including children with learning disabilities in the regular classroom but providing them with a teacher or paraprofessional specially trained to meet their needs
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