ma course > chapter 13 - urinary system disorders/tests > Flashcards

chapter 13 - urinary system disorders/tests Flashcards

(117 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What is urology?

A

Urology is the branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the role of an urologist?

A

An urologist is a physician who specializes in treating disorders and diseases of the urinary tract and male reproductive system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the main components of the urinary system?

A

The urinary system consists of bilateral kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is one of the primary functions of the urinary system?

A

The urinary system eliminates waste products such as salts, nitrogenous wastes, and excess water from the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the urinary system in maintaining homeostasis?

A

The urinary system helps maintain homeostasis by regulating the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the urinary system contribute to vitamin D activation?

A

It activates vitamin D, which helps in calcium absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What hormone does the urinary system produce that regulates red blood cell formation?

A

The urinary system produces erythropoietin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of renin in the urinary system?

A

Renin helps maintain blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the location and shape of the kidneys.

A

The kidneys are red-brown bean-shaped organs located posterior to the peritoneum in the retroperitoneal region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the urethra in males and females?

A

In males, the urethra functions as a passage for urine and secretions of the reproductive glands; in females, it only functions as a passage for urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the primary function of the urinary bladder?

A

The urinary bladder is a hollow organ that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Ureters are bilateral tubular organs that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of the renal artery and vein?

A

The renal artery delivers blood to the kidneys, while the renal vein returns blood from the kidneys to larger veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the nephron?

A

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney where urine formation takes place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are nephrons located in the kidney?

A

Nephrons are located in the outer layer of the kidney, known as the cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

The glomerulus is a network of capillaries that is an extension of the renal artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Bowman’s capsule partly surrounds the glomerulus and allows fluid filtered in the glomerulus to pass to the proximal convoluted tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of most fluids and dissolved substances into the vascular system occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to remaining substances after reabsorption?

A

Remaining substances are excreted through the distal convoluted tubule, followed by collecting tubules and the medulla of the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is urine collected before moving into the ureters?

A

Urine is collected in the renal pelvis of the medulla before moving into the ureters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the three processes involved in urine formation?

A

The three processes involved in urine formation are filtration, reabsorption, and excretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is filtrate formed in the kidneys?

A

Waste products from the bloodstream are filtered through the nephrons in the kidneys, forming filtrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to fluids that remain after filtration?

A

Fluids that remain after filtration are reabsorbed into the bloodstream to meet the body’s needs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

A

To eliminate wastes from the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the components of the urinary system?
Bilateral kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
26
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron.
27
What processes are involved in the formation of urine?
Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
28
How does urine move from the kidneys to the bladder?
Urine moves from the kidneys to the ureters, then to the bladder.
29
What is dysuria?
Difficult or painful urination.
30
What are common treatments for dysuria caused by bacterial infection?
Oral antibiotics and analgesics.
31
What is urethritis?
Inflammation of the urethra, characterized by discharge of pus and burning during urination.
32
What are the symptoms of cystitis?
Mild to acute discomfort in the lower abdomen, urinary frequency, and dysuria.
33
What is pyelonephritis?
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney due to infection, with symptoms like fever and flank pain.
34
What is glomerulonephritis?
Acute or chronic inflammation of the glomeruli, with symptoms including low-grade fever and malaise.
35
Why are females more prone to urinary tract infections?
Due to the shorter length of the urethra and its proximity to the anus and vagina.
36
What is hydronephrosis?
A condition that may occur due to blockage, an enlarged prostate, or a tumor, often asymptomatic.
37
What are common causes of urinary incontinence?
Urinary tract infections, brain disorders, and pelvic floor tissue damage.
38
What medications are used to treat urinary incontinence?
Anticholinergic medications such as oxybutynin and tolterodine.
39
What are the signs and symptoms of renal calculi?
Severe flank pain, hematuria, cloudy urine, nausea, and urinary urgency.
40
What treatment is used for renal calculi?
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
41
What is acute renal failure?
An abrupt decline in kidney function caused by various factors including toxic exposure.
42
What is chronic renal failure?
A progressive loss of kidney function.
43
How do ureters aid in urine movement?
By generating peristaltic waves through their muscle layer.
44
What role does the urinary bladder play in urine storage?
It expands to hold more urine as it fills due to its smooth muscle lining.
45
What happens when the bladder is full?
The sphincters open, allowing urine to move into the urethra.
46
What is micturition?
The process of voiding or expelling urine from the body.
47
What are some causes of chronic renal failure?
Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidneys, chronic hydronephrosis, lead poisoning, and renal artery stenosis.
48
What are the three stages of chronic renal failure?
1. Asymptomatic stage with increased serum creatinine levels. 2. Increased blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine. 3. End-stage renal failure with oliguria progressing to anuria, edema, hypertension, acidosis, and azotemia.
49
What is the treatment for acute renal failure and end-stage renal failure?
Dialysis.
50
What is dialysis?
A process of filtering the blood by removing waste and excess water when there is a loss of kidney function.
51
What are the two most common types of dialysis?
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
52
How does hemodialysis work?
It uses a machine called a dialyzer, or artificial kidney, to filter the blood.
53
How does peritoneal dialysis work?
It filters the blood using the capillaries of the peritoneal cavity.
54
What is Wilms' tumor?
A rare type of kidney cancer that usually occurs by the age of three.
55
What are the potential causes of Wilms' tumor?
Genetic predisposition or a family history of the disease.
56
What is the treatment for Wilms' tumor?
Partial or complete nephrectomy along with chemotherapy.
57
What is nocturnal enuresis?
Involuntary urination at night after the age when a person can control the bladder, typically by age six.
58
What are some causes of nocturnal enuresis?
Uncontrolled bladder, neurologic deficit, diabetes mellitus, UTI, sleep apnea, or stress.
59
What is primary enuresis?
Involuntary urination during the day by the age of six.
60
What is secondary enuresis?
Reversion to wetting in children who have been dry for at least six months due to stress, UTIs, diabetes, or sexual abuse.
61
What treatments are available for nocturnal enuresis?
Medications that relax the bladder and prevent peristalsis or limit urine production at night.
62
What is urinary reflux disorder?
A backward flow of urine from the urinary bladder to the kidneys.
63
What are common causes of urinary reflux disorder?
Damage to the valves, cystitis, neurogenic bladder, or urinary obstruction.
64
How is urinary reflux disorder treated?
Treatment is based on grading severity; prophylactic antibiotics may be recommended for low-grade conditions, while higher grades may require surgical repair.
65
What is cryptorchidism?
An abnormality of male sexual development where the testicles fail to descend to the scrotum before birth.
66
What are the treatment options for cryptorchidism?
Orchiopexy, an outpatient surgical procedure that sutures the undescended testicle in the scrotum.
67
What are common urinary disorders?
Dysuria, urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, hydronephrosis, and urinary incontinence.
68
What is cystitis?
An inflammation of the bladder that is caused by infection.
69
What is urinary incontinence?
Involuntary urination due to loss of bladder control.
70
What are renal calculi?
Solid masses formed from crystals in the urine.
71
How does chronic renal failure differ from acute renal failure?
Chronic renal failure is a progressive loss of kidney function, while acute renal failure is sudden.
72
What types of dialysis are commonly used?
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
73
Name some urinary disorders that occur in children.
Wilms' tumor, nocturnal enuresis, urinary reflux disorder, and cryptorchidism.
74
What are some symptoms of urinary disorders?
Alteration in urine frequency, dysuria, urgency, retention, and incontinence.
75
What is urinalysis used for?
To identify abnormal functions of any part of the urinary system.
76
What does a Kidney-Ureter-Bladder (KUB) X-ray determine?
The size, shape, location, and malformations of the kidney and bladder, and can detect calculi.
77
What preparation is required for a KUB X-ray?
No specific patient preparation is required.
78
What does renal scanning help diagnose?
Size, shape, function of the kidney, and obstructions.
79
What is involved in the renal scanning procedure?
Intravenous administration of a radioisotope.
80
What does Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) diagnose?
Tumors, calculi, obstructions, and congenital renal problems.
81
What preparations should be made before an IVP test?
Fast for eight hours, take a laxative the evening before, and take an enema on the morning of the test.
82
What does cystography visualize?
The structure and function of the bladder.
83
What is required from the patient before a cystography?
Drink only fluids for breakfast and urinate after the procedure to eliminate dye.
84
What does Renal Computed Tomography (CT) detect?
Tumors, abscesses, cysts, and hydronephrosis.
85
What preparations are needed for a renal CT with contrast?
Remove all metal objects and fast for four hours before the procedure.
86
What is cystoscopy?
A procedure that uses a cystoscope to examine the urethra and bladder.
87
What does uroflowmetry evaluate?
The function and flow of the lower urinary tract.
88
What should the MA ensure before a uroflowmetry test?
The patient's bladder is full.
89
What is the role of the nephron in the kidneys?
It is the functional unit where the formation of filtrate occurs.
90
What is renal ultrasonography used to diagnose?
Tumors, abscesses, cysts, and hydronephrosis.
91
What preparation is needed for a renal ultrasonography procedure?
No food restrictions, and the patient's bladder should be full.
92
What is arteriography used to visualize?
Blood flow in the kidney.
93
What is required for a patient before undergoing arteriography?
The patient should not take anything by mouth 2 to 8 hours before the procedure, and the bladder should be empty.
94
What does cystoscopy help diagnose and treat?
Bladder capacity, cancer, kidney calculi, and placement of ureteral stents.
95
What preparation is needed for a cystoscopy?
Administer an enema to clear the bowel and provide a procedural sedative.
96
What is the purpose of retrograde pyelography?
To diagnose kidney calculi and other obstructions.
97
What is required for a patient before undergoing retrograde pyelography?
Administering an enema and preprocedural sedatives.
98
What is the most common symptom of a urinary disorder?
Change in the frequency of urine.
99
What laboratory tests are used to diagnose urinary disorders?
Urinalysis, measuring blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine clearance.
100
What are some radiological procedures used for urinary system diagnosis?
Kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) X-ray, renal scanning, intravenous pyelography (IVP), cystography, and renal CT.
101
What are direct visualization procedures for diagnosing urinary disorders?
Arteriography, ultrasonography, cystoscopy, and retrograde pyelography.
102
What is uroflowmetry?
A procedure that requires the bladder to be full.
103
What is the function of ureters in the urinary system?
They allow the passage of urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
104
What is the role of the urinary bladder?
To store urine.
105
What is the function of the urethra?
To eliminate urine from the body.
106
What are common symptoms of urinary disorders?
Dysuria, urgency, retention, and incontinence.
107
What is the significance of the renal artery?
It brings blood to the kidneys.
108
What happens to filtrate after it is formed in the kidneys?
It moves to the urinary bladder through the ureters.
109
What is the importance of measuring urine output after cystoscopy?
To monitor bladder function and recovery.
110
What is the expected outcome of cystoscopy regarding bladder spasms?
A procedural sedative is used to help reduce bladder spasms.
111
What are some additional functions of the urinary system?
Secretion of renin, activation of vitamin D, maintaining homeostasis, and production of erythropoietin.
112
How does urine move from the kidneys to the outside of the body?
Urine moves from the kidneys to the ureters, then to the bladder, and finally through the urethra.
113
What laboratory tests help diagnose urinary disorders?
Urinalysis, measuring blood urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance, and radiological tests.
114
What is the purpose of radiology testing in urinary disorders?
Radiology testing utilizes X-ray images to examine structures of the urinary system.
115
What are some radiological procedures used for diagnosis?
Kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) X-ray, renal scanning, intravenous pyelography (IVP), cystography, and renal CT.
116
What are direct visualization procedures for urinary disorders?
Arteriography, ultrasonography, cystoscopy, and retrograde pyelography.
117
What procedures require a full bladder?
Uroflowmetry and renal ultrasonography.
ma course
flashcards
Decks in class (44)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions