ma course > chapter 8 - eye > Flashcards

chapter 8 - eye Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the eye?

A

To gather information about surroundings through light perception and vision.

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2
Q

What are the protective structures of the eye?

A

Eyelids, eyebrows, and eyelashes.

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3
Q

What is the role of the lacrimal gland?

A

To secrete tears that help keep the eye moist and drain into the nasal cavity.

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4
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

A thin mucous membrane lining the eyelid and covering the eyeball, keeping the eye moist.

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5
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A

The outer layer (sclera and cornea), the middle layer (choroid, iris, and ciliary body), and the inner layer (retina and lens).

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6
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

To protect the entire eyeball and provide a tough, fibrous lining.

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7
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

To allow light to enter the eye and refract light rays.

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8
Q

What is the choroid’s role in the eye?

A

To supply nutrients to the outer layers of the retina and absorb excess light rays.

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9
Q

What is the iris?

A

The colored portion of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

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10
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

To focus light after it passes through the cornea.

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11
Q

What divides the eye into posterior and anterior cavities?

A

The lens and the ciliary body.

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12
Q

What is the vitreous humor?

A

A gel-like substance in the posterior cavity that maintains the shape of the eyeball.

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13
Q

What is the aqueous humor?

A

A fluid in the anterior cavity that maintains normal pressure and provides nutrients to the lens and cornea.

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14
Q

What is the role of the retina?

A

To contain rods and cones for light detection and to transmit visual information through the optic nerve.

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15
Q

What are rods and cones?

A

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that detect light and color.

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16
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

The nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

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17
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

The point in the retina where the optic nerve exits, creating a blind spot.

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18
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

The area in the retina responsible for sharp central vision.

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19
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

To control the shape of the lens for focusing.

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20
Q

What are common disorders of the eye?

A

Conditions that affect vision and eye health, which may include infections and structural abnormalities.

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21
Q

Why is the eye considered a sensitive organ?

A

Because it is vulnerable to structural abnormalities and infections that can cause visual disturbances.

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22
Q

What should a medical assistant know about the eye?

A

Basic anatomy, disorders, diagnostic procedures, and treatments related to the eye.

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23
Q

What is hyperopia and how does it affect vision?

A

Hyperopia, or farsightedness, occurs when light focuses behind the retina, making it difficult to see close objects. It is caused by a shorter eyeball from anterior to posterior.

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24
Q

What is myopia and what are its effects on vision?

A

Myopia, or nearsightedness, occurs when light focuses in front of the retina, causing distant objects to appear blurry while close objects can be seen clearly. It is due to an elongation of the eyeball.

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25
What causes presbyopia and what are its effects?
Presbyopia occurs due to the lens of the eye becoming less flexible and the weakening of ciliary muscles with age, making it difficult to change focus from distance to near.
26
What is astigmatism and how does it affect vision?
Astigmatism occurs when light rays focus irregularly due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens, resulting in blurred vision.
27
What is strabismus and what causes it?
Strabismus is a condition where the eyes fail to track together, often due to muscle weakness or conditions like diabetes or head injury. It can lead to amblyopia in children.
28
What is nystagmus and what are its potential causes?
Nystagmus is characterized by involuntary eye movements and can be congenital or acquired due to conditions like brain tumors, inner ear lesions, or multiple sclerosis.
29
What is a hordeolum and what causes it?
A hordeolum, or stye, is an infection of the sebaceous gland in the eyelid caused by staphylococci, resulting in a purulent and localized infection.
30
What is a chalazion and how does it form?
A chalazion is a cyst that forms due to blockage of a Meibomian gland, which lubricates the eyelid margins.
31
What is keratitis and what can cause it?
Keratitis is inflammation of the cornea that can lead to superficial ulcerations, often caused by infections such as herpes simplex virus, bacteria, or fungi.
32
What is conjunctivitis and what are its common causes?
Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by irritation, allergies, or bacterial infections.
33
What is blepharitis and what causes it?
Blepharitis is inflammation of the glands and lash follicles along the eyelid margins, often caused by staphylococcal infections, allergies, or irritation.
34
What is corneal abrasion and what are its symptoms?
Corneal abrasion occurs due to trauma or foreign bodies in the eye, leading to symptoms such as pain, inflammation, tearing, and photophobia.
35
What are cataracts and how do they affect vision?
Cataracts impair night vision by blocking light passage into the retina due to a cloudy or opaque area in the eye lens, often related to aging or injury.
36
What is glaucoma and what are its effects?
Glaucoma is a condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve, potentially leading to blindness.
37
What is macular degeneration and what are its types?
Macular degeneration is the progressive deterioration of the macula lutea, leading to loss of central vision. It has dry (painless, slow progression) and wet (acute onset, rapid progression) forms.
38
What are the risk factors associated with macular degeneration?
Risk factors for macular degeneration include age, cigarette smoking, obesity, family history, cardiovascular disease, elevated cholesterol levels, light eye color, and excessive sun exposure.
39
How does hyperopia differ from myopia in terms of eyeball shape?
Hyperopia is caused by a shorter eyeball, while myopia results from an elongated eyeball.
40
What visual symptoms are associated with myopia?
Myopia causes distant objects to appear blurry and dull, while close objects can be seen clearly.
41
What visual symptoms are associated with hyperopia?
Hyperopia causes difficulty in seeing close objects at reading or working levels.
42
What is the primary age-related change that leads to presbyopia?
The primary change is the decreased flexibility of the lens and weakening of the ciliary muscles.
43
What is the primary visual effect of astigmatism?
Astigmatism results in blurred vision due to irregular focusing of light rays on the retina.
44
What is the significance of strabismus in children?
Strabismus in children can lead to amblyopia, or lazy eye, if not addressed.
45
What is the wet form of vision loss characterized by?
It has a very acute onset and rapid progression, causing 90% of severe vision loss.
46
What are the protective features of the eye?
The eyelids protect the eye from trauma, eyebrows keep irritants out, and eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal gland are vital parts.
47
What are common visual diseases?
Hyperopia, myopia, presbyopia, astigmatism, strabismus, nystagmus, cataracts, and macular degeneration.
48
What conditions can lead to visual disorders?
Brain tumor, head injury, or muscular dystrophy.
49
What are common symptoms of visual disorders?
Difficulty in seeing or blurred vision.
50
What are common eye infections?
Hordeolum, chalazion, keratitis, conjunctivitis, and blepharitis.
51
What is the primary cause of most eye infections?
Most infections are due to staphylococci, leading to impaired vision.
52
What are the basic diagnostic eye examinations?
Examinations include using an ophthalmoscope, visual inspection of the eyelids, and performing a light and accommodation (L&A) test.
53
How does an ophthalmoscope function?
It projects a bright, narrow beam of light through the lens to illuminate the interior parts of the eye and retina.
54
What can an ophthalmoscope detect?
It detects general and systemic disorders of the eyes, such as capillary changes from diabetes mellitus.
55
What does visual inspection of the eyelids assess?
It assesses for edema from nephrosis, heart failure, allergy, or thyroid deficiency.
56
What does blepharoptosis refer to?
Drooping of the upper eyelid due to disorders of the third cranial nerve, muscular weakness, or myasthenia gravis.
57
What does the light and accommodation (L&A) test examine?
It examines the constrictive capacity of the pupils.
58
What is the procedure during the L&A test?
A bright light is projected into one eye while the patient looks at a finger, causing both pupils to constrict equally.
59
What is the purpose of a slit lamp biomicroscope?
It is used to view fine details in the anterior segments of the eye and to examine foreign bodies.
60
What is the role of mydriatic eyedrops in eye examinations?
They dilate the pupil to enhance visualization of eye structures.
61
What does an exophthalmometer measure?
It measures the distance of eye protrusion beyond the edge of the eye socket to assess tissue swelling.
62
What is the function of a tonometer with a slit lamp?
It measures intraocular pressure.
63
What does fluorescein stain identify?
It identifies corneal abrasions.
64
What is the Snellen chart used for?
It is used to test distance visual acuity and is commonly utilized in schools and industries.
65
What does the Snellen alphabetical chart contain?
Various letters of the alphabet in different sizes for patients to identify.
66
What is the E chart used for?
It is used to test patients with limited knowledge of the English alphabet.
67
What is an alternative to the Snellen chart for young children?
A chart displaying pictures as symbols.
68
What are the steps for measuring distance visual acuity with the Snellen chart?
1. Sanitize hands. 2. Ensure well-lit room and distance marker is 20 feet. 3. Identify and explain to the patient. 4. Instruct to avoid squinting. 5. Position patient at 20-foot marker. 6. Check chart is at eye level.
69
What is the first step when using the Snellen chart for vision testing?
Check whether the Snellen chart is at the patient's eye level.
70
What should be done to the occluder before testing?
Disinfect the occluder prior to the test, if it is not disposable.
71
How should the patient cover their eye during the Snellen test?
Instruct the patient to cover the left eye with the occluder and keep both eyes open throughout the test.
72
What is the starting point for the patient when reading the Snellen chart?
Start with the 20/70 row to provide confidence and allow accommodation of vision.
73
How is the outcome recorded if a patient misses letters on the Snellen chart?
If the patient misses one or two letters, record the outcome with a minus sign and the number of errors (e.g., 20/40-2). If more than two errors are made, document the previous line.
74
What should be documented regarding the patient's reactions during the Snellen test?
Record reactions such as squinting, leaning, tearing, or blinking.
75
What is the procedure for testing the left eye after the right eye in the Snellen test?
Repeat the procedure with the left eye, covering the right eye.
76
What should be done after both eyes have been tested with the Snellen chart?
Uncover both eyes and repeat the procedure.
77
What is the final step after completing the Snellen test?
Disinfect the occluder, sanitize hands, and document the procedure in the patient's records.
78
What is the purpose of the near visual acuity test?
It is useful for screening patients who have presbyopia or hyperopia.
79
What does the Jaeger test evaluate?
The Jaeger test evaluates near vision using the Jaeger eye chart.
80
What type of text does the Jaeger chart consist of?
Short blocks of text in various sizes.
81
What should the medical assistant ask the patient before conducting the near visual acuity test?
Ask whether the patient has corrective lenses and ensure they wear them during the test.
82
What is the recommended distance for the patient to hold the card during the near visual acuity test?
Approximately 14 to 16 inches away.
83
What should be documented after the near visual acuity test?
Document the number at which the patient did not have more than two errors for each eye, as well as information about corrective lenses and any signs of eye strain.
84
What is the purpose of the Ishihara Color Vision Test?
It is useful for detecting total color-blindness and red-green blindness prevalent in congenital blindness.
85
What is the composition of the plates used in the Ishihara test?
Polychromatic plates made up of colored dots in numeric patterns.
86
What indicates average visual acuity in the Ishihara test?
If the patient is able to read the number on the plate.
87
What should the medical assistant ensure regarding the testing environment for the Ishihara test?
The room should be quiet and illuminated with natural light.
88
What should the medical assistant explain to the patient before the Ishihara test?
Explain the procedure, use a practice card, and ensure the patient understands they will have 3 seconds to identify each plate.
89
How far should the Ishihara test plate be held from the patient?
30 inches from the patient.
90
What should be recorded if the patient cannot identify the number on a plate during the Ishihara test?
Place an X in the record for the associated plate number.
91
What is the purpose of using an ophthalmoscope?
To examine the interior of the eye.
92
What tool is used for viewing a foreign body in the eye?
A slit lamp biomicroscope.
93
What is the Snellen alphabetical chart used for?
Distance visual acuity testing.
94
What does the near vision acuity chart screen for?
Presbyopia or hyperopia.
95
What does the Ishihara test detect?
Total color-blindness and red-green blindness.
96
What are the main purposes of eye irrigation?
To relieve inflammation, remove drainage, dilute chemicals, and wash away foreign bodies.
97
What is the first step a medical assistant should take before eye irrigation?
Sanitize hands to ensure disinfection.
98
What should the medical assistant check before performing eye irrigation?
The provider's orders for which eye requires irrigation and the type of solution to be used.
99
What should be done to ensure patient safety during eye irrigation?
Identify the patient by name and explain the procedure.
100
How should the patient be positioned for eye irrigation?
Sitting or supine, with the head toward the side of the affected eye.
101
What is the purpose of placing a disposable drape over the patient's neck and shoulder?
To make the solution flow away from the unaffected eye and reduce cross-contamination.
102
What should be done with the gloves before starting the irrigation?
Rinse the gloved hands under warm water to remove all powder.
103
What is the purpose of the drainage basin during eye irrigation?
To receive the solution from the eye.
104
What is the correct technique for applying the irrigation solution?
Direct the solution toward the lower conjunctiva of the inner canthus.
105
What should be avoided to prevent injury during eye irrigation?
Touching the eye or eyelids with the applicator.
106
How should the eyelid be dried after irrigation?
With sterile gauze, moving from the inner canthus to the outer canthus.
107
What are ophthalmic medications used to treat?
Infections, soothe eye irritation, anesthetize the eye, and dilate pupils.
108
What forms do ophthalmic medications come in?
Liquid drops and ointments.
109
How are liquid drops typically dispensed?
Using small squeeze bottles or droppers with rubber attachments.
110
How is ointment applied to the eye?
Dispensed onto the bottom eyelid using a tube with an ophthalmic tip.
111
What should be documented in the patient's health record after an eye test?
The date and time, testing results, and any patient symptoms during the test.
112
What unusual symptoms should be noted during an eye examination?
Eye rubbing, squinting, or excessive blinking.
113
What should be done with the book after use in the procedure?
Place it back in its cardboard sleeve and return it to its storage space.
114
What type of lens is used to treat presbyopia?
Bifocal or progressive lenses are used to focus both distal and proximal objects directly on the retina.
115
How is amblyopia treated?
Wearing a patch over the unaffected eye strengthens the muscles of the 'lazy' eye.
116
What is the treatment for hordeolum?
Warm compresses and topical or systemic antibiotics are useful.
117
What treatments are effective for keratitis?
Ophthalmic ointments, eyedrops, and the use of an eye patch.
118
What is the treatment for conjunctivitis?
Antibiotic ophthalmic preparations.
119
How is blepharitis treated?
With antibiotic ophthalmic ointment.
120
What is the surgical treatment for chalazion?
Surgical removal.
121
What medications are used to treat corneal abrasion?
Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory ophthalmic drops like diclofenac (Voltaren) and ketorolac (Acular), along with oral analgesics.
122
What types of eyedrops are used for open-angle glaucoma?
Miotic eyedrops and beta blocker eyedrops.
123
What are the first two steps in instilling eye medication?
Sanitize hands and check the provider's order for the eye requiring medication and the medication's name and strength.
124
What should be done before administering eye drops?
Check the expiration date of the solution and follow medication safety procedures.
125
What position should the patient be in when instilling eye medication?
The patient should be sitting or supine, tilting the head backward and looking up.
126
How should the lower conjunctival sac be prepared for medication?
Pull it downward to create a pocket for the medication.
127
What is the correct technique for administering eye drops?
Place the drops in the center of the lower conjunctival sac, with the dropper tip parallel to the eye and 1/2 inch above.
128
What should be done after applying eye ointment?
Squeeze a thin ribbon along the lower conjunctival sac from the inner canthus to the outer canthus.
129
What should the patient do after receiving eye medication?
Close the eye gently and rotate the eyeball to ensure even distribution of the medication.
130
What is the first step in the surgical procedure of Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)?
The surgeon scrapes away to expose the stromal layer underneath.
131
What laser is used in LASIK surgery?
An excimer laser is used to reshape the central cornea.
132
What is the process involved in LASEK surgery?
A laser reshapes the cornea by softening the surface epithelial cells, which are then rolled back to expose the cornea.
133
What conditions can LASIK treat?
Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.
134
What conditions can LASEK treat?
Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.
135
What is the purpose of instilling eye medication?
To ensure proper treatment of eye conditions and to deliver medication effectively.
136
What is Conductive Keratoplasty (CK)?
A surgical procedure that uses heat from a laser to reshape the cornea, tightening and steepening it, particularly useful for patients over 40 to correct hyperopia, presbyopia, and myopia.
137
What is the purpose of eye irrigation?
To relieve inflammation, remove drainage, dilute chemicals, and wash away foreign bodies from the eye.
138
What steps should a medical assistant (MA) take while irrigating the eyes?
Sanitize hands, use sterile equipment, inspect and evert the eye, and rinse with sterile water or saline. If unsuccessful, cover both eyes with gauze and contact the supervisor.
139
What are eye ointments used for?
They are used to dispense a small ribbon of ointment directly onto the bottom eyelid, typically available in small metal or plastic tubes with an ophthalmic tip.
140
What types of lenses are useful in treating presbyopia?
Bifocal lenses or progressive lenses, which focus both distal and proximal objects directly on the retina.
141
How does patching help in amblyopia?
Wearing a patch over the unaffected eye strengthens the muscles of the 'lazy' eye.
142
What treatments are effective for hordeolum?
Warm compresses and topical or systemic antibiotics.
143
What are some surgical procedures for refractive errors?
Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), laser-assisted epithelium keratomileusis (LASEK), and conductive keratoplasty (CK).
144
What components make up the eye?
Cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, lacrimal gland, choroid, iris, ciliary body, lens, and retina.
145
What are common refractive errors of the eye?
Hyperopia (farsightedness), myopia (nearsightedness), presbyopia, astigmatism, strabismus, and nystagmus.
146
What are some disorders of the eyeball?
Corneal abrasion, cataract, glaucoma, and macular degeneration.
147
What is the near visual acuity test used for?
It is useful in screening for presbyopia or hyperopia.
148
What is the Ishihara test?
A simple and accurate procedure for detecting total color-blindness and red-green blindness.
149
What role do eyelids and eyebrows play in eye protection?
Eyelids protect the eye from trauma, while eyebrows keep irritants out.
150
What can cause visual disorders?
Conditions such as brain tumors, head injuries, or muscular dystrophy.
151
What tools are used for examining the interior of the eye?
The ophthalmoscope and the slit lamp biomicroscope.
152
What is the purpose of the slit lamp biomicroscope?
It provides a well-illuminated and highly magnified view of the area to examine foreign bodies.
153
What is the significance of eye ointments' dispensing method?
The ophthalmic tip allows for precise application of ointment directly onto the bottom eyelid.
154
What should be done if eye irrigation is unsuccessful?
Cover both eyes with gauze and contact the supervisor.
155
What is the function of warm compresses in eye treatment?
They are used to alleviate conditions like hordeolum.
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