Liberal international order
A system of global rules and institutions, led largely by Western democracies after World War II, based on free trade, open markets, multilateral cooperation, international law, and support for democracy and human rights.
Embedded liberalism
The post-WWII economic arrangement that combined free international trade with the ability of governments to regulate their domestic economies and provide social welfare protections (e.g., unemployment insurance, labor rights).
Economic pressures (technological change, globalization, financial crises)
Forces that strain economies — including technological change (automation, digitalization), globalization (increased trade and competition), and financial crises (global or national economic shocks). These pressures can disrupt jobs, wages, and economic stability.
Declining manufacturing employment
A long-term reduction in manufacturing jobs, often caused by automation, offshoring, and global competition. This decline affects wages, job security, and economic health in many communities.
Economic inequality
Uneven distribution of income, wealth, and economic opportunity among individuals or groups. Inequality can grow due to globalization, technological change, and policies that benefit some groups more than others.
Populism
A political approach that argues society is divided between “the people” and “the elites.” Populist leaders claim to represent ordinary citizens and often criticize established institutions, globalization, and political elites.
Authoritarian values
Beliefs that emphasize strong central authority, limited political freedoms, obedience, and social order. These values contrast with democratic norms such as pluralism, free speech, and competitive elections.
The rise of China
China’s rapid economic, military, and political growth that is shifting global power dynamics. China’s rise challenges U.S. dominance and the Western-led liberal international order.
Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons capable of causing large-scale death, destruction, or environmental harm.
