MIcro > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

etiology

A

establishing cause of disease

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2
Q

disease

A

disturbance in the state of health where the body cannot carry out all its normal functions

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3
Q

normal microbiota

A

microbes always present on or in the human body

ex. gut or skin

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4
Q

transient microbiota

A

microbes that may be present in or on host under certain conditions and for certain lengths of time at sites where resident microbiota are found

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5
Q

what is symbiosis

A

describes interactions that occur between different organisms that live close together

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6
Q

3 types of symbiosis

A

mutualism
commensalism
parasitism

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7
Q

mutualism

A

association where both partners benefit

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8
Q

commensalism

A

an association in which one partner benefits but the other remains unaffected

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9
Q

parasitism

A

one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (host)

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10
Q

parasite

A

organism that benefits at the expense of the host

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11
Q

host

A

any organism that harbors another organism

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12
Q

pathogen

A

anything that can produce disease

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13
Q

contrast normal and transient microbiota

A

disturbances of normal microbiota can allow transient microbiota into host

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14
Q

how is human colonized with their normal microbiota

A

when foreign microbial growth becomes normal microbiota

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15
Q

3 conditions that create opportunities for normal microflora to cause disease

A
  1. Failure of host normal defenses (immunocompromised)
  2. Introduction of the organisms into unusual body sites (location)
  3. Disturbances of the normal microflora (microbial antagonism)
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16
Q

Kock’s postulates

A
  1. Suspected pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  2. Pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  3. Cultured pathogen must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host
  4. Same pathogen must be reisolated from the disease experimental host
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17
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A
  • some pathogens cannot be cultures in the lab
  • some disease are caused by combination of pathogen, or a combination of pathogen + physical, environmental or genetic factors
  • ethical considerations (infect healthy person)
  • no single cause established
  • pathogens ignored
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18
Q

any change is normal body function

A

disease

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19
Q

infection

A

organism or pathogen establishes itself in the tissue and starts to reproduce or grow - increase in number

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20
Q

5 fundamental requirements for a pathogen to infect host

A
  1. contamination
  2. portal of entry
  3. adherence
  4. avoid detection by the host
  5. virulence factor
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21
Q

portals of entry

A 
eye
nose
mouth
mammary glands
urethra
vagina
anus
placenta
broken skin
ear
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22
Q

portals of exit

A
  1. secretions - eyes (tears), ears (wax), nose, mouth
  2. skin - flakes or blood
  3. blood - needles, bites, wounds
  4. vaginal secretions/semen
  5. excreted body waste - urine, feces, sweat
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23
Q

how microbes adhere to host cells

A
  • fimbriae, flagella, glycocalyx

- attachment proteins - viruses and bacteria, ligands bind to receptor on host cell

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24
Q

strategy pathogens employ to avoid host defense systems

A

prevent phagocytosis or detection by WBC

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25
capsules
- prevent phagocytosis | - increase virulence of pathogens
26
virulence
- ability to cause disease | - degree of pathogenicity
27
exoenzyme produced by bacteria that destroy WBC (neutrophils and macrophages)
leukocidins
28
Exoenzyme that lyse (rupture) RBC
hemolysis
29
exoenzyme that clot blood
coagulase
30
exoenzyme that breaks down blood clot
kinases
31
exoenzyme - basement membrane, digest hyaluronic acid, helps hold cells of certain tissues together, making tissues more accessible to microbes
hylauronidase
32
Exoenzyme that breakdown collagen
collagenase
33
exotoxins
- gram positive bacteria - soluble substances secreted into host tissues - highly specific, some act as neurotoxins or cardiac muscle toxins - unstable, denature above 60C and by ultraviolet light - among the most powerful toxins - little to no fever
34
type of exotoxins that damages cells
cytotoxins
35
type of exotoxin that damages nerve cells
neurotoxins
36
type of exotoxin that damages digestive system
enterotoxins
37
counter act the exotoxin
antitoxins
38
endotoxins
- gram negative bacteria - part of cell wall and released into host tissues when bacteria die or divide - lipopolysaccharide complex - weak toxicity, fatal in large dose - chills, high fever, muscle aches - Disseminated intravascular clotting -DIC
39
objective, observable, or measured by others
sign
40
Ex. vomiting, swollen lymph nodes, fever
sign
41
subjective, felt by patient
symptom
42
Ex. cramping, muscle ache, headache
symptom
43
a group of signs and symptoms that collectively characterize a particular disease
syndrome
44
after effects of an infection
sequelae
45
an infectious disease that is easily transmitted from one host to the next Ex: measles, chicken pox
contagious
46
an infection that is transmitted from one host to the next | Ex: influenza, herpes
communicable
47
disease arising from outside of hosts or from microbiota; not spread from host to host Ex: tooth decay, tetanus, acne
noncommunicable
48
disease in which symptoms develop rapidly and runs its course quickly
acute disease
49
disease in which symptoms develop slowly and slow to disappear
Chronic disease
50
disease with intermediate symptoms
subacute disease
51
presence but not multiplication of viruses in the blood
viremia
52
presence but not multiplication of bacteria in the blood
bacteremia
53
presence and multiplication of bacteria in the blood
septicemia
54
presence of toxins in the blood
toxemia
55
initial infection in a previously healthy person
primary
56
infection that immediately follows primary infection | Ex. flu then strep
secondary
57
secondary infection that results from the destruction of normal microflora Ex after use of broad spectrum antibiotic
superinfection
58
infection caused by 2 or more pathogens | Ex. periodontal disease
mixed infection
59
5 typical stages of infectious disease
1. Incubation period 2. Prodromal period 3. Illness (Invasive phase) 4. Decline phase 5. Convalescence phase
60
time between infection and appearance of signs or symptoms
incubation period
61
incubation period
1. virulence - degree of pathogenicity 2. infective dose - how many particles it takes to get the infection 3. state of health - poor nutrition, stress, lack of sleep, unemployment 4. nature of pathogen 5. generation time - double in number
62
prodromal period
- mild symptoms | - not present in all illnesses
63
Illness (invasive) phase
-most severe stage -immune system not yet responding Acme- signs and symptoms most intense -pyrogens -fire; fever production -pyogens - puss; white patches on throat
64
decline phase
- number of pathogens decrease - immune system responds or medical treatment works - symptoms/signs subside
65
convalescence phase
- patient recovers - tissues/systems repair - return to normal
66
modes of transmission
contact vehicle vector
67
pathogenicity
- ability to invade host - multiply in host - avoid hosts defenses
68
use precise genetic techniques to determine the pathogenicity of disease or disease producing capabilities
molecular postulates
69
disease process
contamination -> infection -> disease
70
exoenzymes
hyaluronidase, collagenase, coagulase, kinases, hemolysis, leukocydins
MIcro
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