Chapter 15

Question 1

epidemiology

Answer 1

study of factors and mechanisms involved in the frequency and spread of diseases and other health-related problems within populations of humans, other animals, or plants

Question 2

number of new cases contracted within a set population during a specific time period
(# new cases) / (# people at risk)

Answer 2

incidence

Question 3

total of people infected within a population at any time

old + new cases) / (# people at risk

Answer 3

prevalence

Question 4

number of individuals with a disease during a set period of time divided by the total population

Answer 4

morbidity

Question 5

number of deaths due to a specific disease during a specific period of time divided by the total population

Answer 5

mortality

Question 6

disease that normally occurs at a relatively stable frequency within a given population or geographical area

Answer 6

endemic

Question 7

disease that appears as a few scattered cases with a population or geographical area

Answer 7

sporadic

Question 8

disease that occurs with a greater than usual frequency within an area or population

Answer 8

epidemic

Question 9

when an epidemic occurs in one or more continents at the same time

Answer 9

pandemic

Question 10

arise from contact with contaminated substance

Answer 10

common source outbreak

Question 11

amplification of infection as a result of person-to-person contact

Answer 11

propagated epidemics

Question 12

holding tanks; sites where pathogens exist and are maintained as source of infection

Answer 12

reservoirs

Question 13

3 types of reservoirs of infection for human disease

Answer 13

1. Human carriers
2. Animal reservoirs
3. Nonliving reservoirs

Question 14

Human carriers

Answer 14

• humans with active disease are reservoirs of infection
• carries- asymptomatic but infective
• common cold viruses by inhalation of sneezed particles
• HIV direct sexual contact or injection of contaminated blood products

Question 15

Animals reservoirs

Answer 15

• pathogens that infect domesticated or sylvatic animals can infect humans
• routes: direct contact with animals, animal waste, eating animals, blood-sucking arthropods

Question 16

nonliving reservoirs

Answer 16

• soil - fecal contamination; endospores
• food
• water

Question 17

example of human reservoir

Answer 17

S. aureas from normal flora or infected persons by contact

Question 18

example of animal reservoirs

Answer 18

rabies and plague

Question 19

example of nonliving reservoirs

Answer 19

coccidiodides immitis - airborne fungal spores are inhaled

vibrio cholera - ingested by contaminated drinking water

Question 20

zoonotic disease

Answer 20

disease spread from animal host to humans

Question 21

3 methods of disease transmission

Answer 21

1. Contact
2. Vehicle
3. Vector

Question 22

direct contact

Answer 22

• person-to-person
• placental
• fecal-oral (#1 in world)

Question 23

indirect contact

Answer 23

fomites

Question 24

droplet transmission

Answer 24

mucus droplets

-less than 1 meter

Question 25

person-to-person, touching, handshaking, animal bite, sexual intercourse is what kind of contact

Answer 25

direct

Question 26

agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of nonliving object

Answer 26

indirect contact

Question 27

bedding, dishes, money, thermometer, contaminated needles is what kind of contact

Answer 27

indirect

Question 28

microbes spread in aerosol droplets discharge in air by sneezing, coughing, laughing, or talking is what kind of transmission

Answer 28

droplet

Question 29

spread by water contaminated with untreated sewage is what kind of vehicle transmission

Answer 29

waterborne

Question 30

pathogens transmitted in or on food that has been improperly prepared, cooked, or stored is what kind of vehicle transmission

Answer 30

food-borne

Question 31

spread of agents in aerosol droplets that travel more than 1 meter from reservoir or host is what kind of vehicle transmission

Answer 31

airborne

Question 32

biological vector transmission

Answer 32

specific relationship between vector and pathogen | -host is part of pathogens life cycle

Question 33

mechanical vector transmission

Answer 33

no direct relationship | -passive transport of pathogens on insects feet or other body parts

Question 34

portion of individuals in a community or population who are immune to a particular disease

Answer 34

herd immunity

Question 35

what is reemergence

Answer 35

not having kids vaccinated properly

Question 36

ways public health agencies work to limit the spread of disease

Answer 36

- immunizations - inspections - water and sewage treatment

Question 37

infection disease that are potentially harmful to publics health and must be reported by physicians

Answer 37

nationally notifiable disease

Question 38

portals of exit

Answer 38

eyes (tears), ears (wax), nose, mouth, skin, blood, vaginal secretions/semen, urine, feces, sweat

Question 39

compromised host

Answer 39

more susceptible host

Question 40

conditions that create opportunities for normal microbiota to cause disease

Answer 40

1. failure of host normal defenses 2. introduction of the organisms into unusual body parts 3. disturbances in normal microflora

Question 41

universal precautions

Answer 41

designed by the CDC to reduce the risk of spreading blood borne pathogens blood, semen, vaginal, CSF

Question 42

nosocomial infection

Answer 42

infection acquired in the hospital or other medical facility

Question 43

microbes that enter patient from environment (external)

Answer 43

Exogenous infection

Question 44

infection caused by microbes from patients own microflora

Answer 44

endogenous infection

Question 45

infection caused by medical procedure

Answer 45

tatrogenic infection

Question 46

number 1 nosocomial infection

Answer 46

urinary tract

Question 47

types of contact transmission

Answer 47

direct, indirect, droplet

Question 48

inanimate objects that inadvertently transmit pathogens

Answer 48

fomites

Question 49

types of vehicle transmission

Answer 49

airborne, waterborne, body-fluid, food-borne

Question 50

body fluid transmission

Answer 50

blood, urine, salvia, semen

Question 51

used to prevent any body fluid from contacting conjunctive, breaks in skin, breaks in mucous membrane

Answer 51

universal precautions

Question 52

types of vector transmission

Answer 52

biological and mechanical

Question 53

patient with communicable disease is prevented from having contact with general population

Answer 53

isolation

Question 54

separation of healthy humans from the general population when they have been exposed to a communicable disease

Answer 54

quarantine

Question 55

- increase herd immunity | - decrease death from infection disease

Answer 55

immunization

Question 56

vector control

Answer 56

insect and rodent control

Question 57

sites od nosocomial infections

Answer 57

urinary tract, surgical wounds, respiratory tract, skin, blood, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system

Question 58

nosocomial infection prevention and control

Answer 58

- surveillance of nosocomial infections in patient and staff - microbiology lab - isolation procedures - accepted procedures for catheters and respirators - sanitation program - nosocomial disease education program