Chapter 15

Question 1

Monosaccharides

Answer 1

Sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates

• Trioses
• Tetroses
• Pentoses
• Hexoses
• Heptoses

Question 2

Disaccharides

Answer 2

Condensation products of two monosaccharide units

• Lactose
• Maltose
• Isomaltose
• Sucrose
• Trehalose

Question 3

Polysaccharides

Answer 3

Condensation products of more than ten monosaccharide units (may be linear or branched polymers)

• Starches
• Dextrins

Question 4

What is a functional group at the first carbon in an aldose?

Answer 4

Aldehyde

Question 5

What is a functional group at the second carbon in a ketose?

Answer 5

Ketone

Question 6

What does D refer to?

Answer 6

Dexter (on the right)

Question 7

What does L refer to?

Answer 7

Laevus (on the left)

Question 8

How do you recognize D based on the Fisher Projection?

Answer 8

When the penultimate (next to last) -OH group is on the right hand side.

Question 9

How do you recognize L based on the Fisher Projection?

Answer 9

When the penultimate (next to last) _OH group is on the left hand side

Question 10

Epimer

Answer 10

Isomers differing as a result of variations in configuration of the -OH & -H on carbon atom 2, 3, & 4 of glucose

Question 11

How many chiral centers does a triose have?

Answer 11

1

Question 12

How many chiral centers does a tetrose have?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

How many chiral centers does a pentose have?

Answer 13

3

Question 14

How many chiral centers does a hexose have?

Answer 14

4

Question 15

If a molecule has 4 chiral centers, how many stereoisomers will it have?

Answer 15

Maximum of 16

Question 16

D-isomers of aldo triose

Answer 16

• D-Glycerose (D-Glyceraldehyde)

Question 17

D-isomers of aldo tetrose

Answer 17

• D-Erythrose

Question 18

D-isomers of aldo pentose

Answer 18

• D-Lyxose
• D-Xylose
• D-Arabinose
• D-Ribose

Question 19

D-isomers of aldo hexose

Answer 19

• D-Galactose
• D-Mannose
• D-Glucose

Question 20

D-isomers of keto triose

Answer 20

• Dihydroxyacetone

Question 21

D-isomers of keto pentose

Answer 21

• D-Xylulose
• D-Ribulose

Question 22

D-isomers of keto hexose

Answer 22

• D-Fructose

Question 23

D-isomers of keto heptose

Answer 23

• D-Sedoheptulose

Question 24

Oxidation of the aldehyde group produces what functional group?

Answer 24

Carboxylic Acid

Question 25

Reduction of the aldehyde group produces what functional group?

Answer 25

Primary Alcohol

Question 26

Oxidation of a primary alcohol produces what functional group?

Answer 26

Aldehyde

Question 27

Pyranose

Answer 27

A collective term for carbohydrates that have a chemical structure that includes a six-membered ring consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom

Question 28

Furanose

Answer 28

A collective term for carbohydrates that have a chemical structure that includes a five-membered ring system consisting of four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom

Question 29

How is a pyranose formed in a monosaccharide?

Answer 29

* The pyranose ring is formed by the reaction of the **hydroxyl group on carbon 5 (C-5)** of a sugar with the **aldehyde at carbon 1.** * This forms an intramolecular **hemiacetal**. * -OH attacks -CHO

Question 30

How is a furanose formed in a monosacchardie?

Answer 30

* The reaction is between the **C-4 hydroxyl** and the **aldehyde** * -OH attacks -CHO

Question 31

What functional group is present at the anomeric carbon in a monosaccharide when it exists in a pyranose form?

Answer 31

Hemiacetal

Question 32

What functional group is formed in a disaccharide when two monosaccharides are condensed at their anomeric carbons?

Answer 32

Acetal\*

Question 33

Common Disaccharides

Answer 33

* Sucrose (glucosyl-fructose) * Lactose (galactosyl-glucose) * Maltose (glucosyl-glucose) * Isomaltose * Lactulose * Trehalose (glucosyl-glucoside)

Question 34

Acidic Polysaccharides

Answer 34

Polysaccharides that contain carboxyl groups, phosphate groups and/or sulfuric ester groups

Question 35

Acidic Polysaccharide Examples

Answer 35

* Hyaluronic Acid\* * Chondroitin Sulfate\* * Heparin\*