Chapter 15 Slides

Question 1

Biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders

Answer 1

Biological: genes, brain structure and chemistry

Psychological: stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories

Social: roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder

Question 2

Psychological Disorders diagnostic classification

Answer 2

• predicts the disorder’s future course
• suggests treatment
• prompts research into its causes

Question 3

DSM-5

Answer 3

describes disorders and estimates their occurrence

Question 4

Changes to DSM-5

Answer 4

• changes in labels
• new diagnoses
• new categories

Question 5

DSM-5 Criticism

Answer 5

• DSM-5 contributes to treating everything as abnormal

- system labels are society’s value judgements

Question 6

DSM-5 Benefits

Answer 6

helps mental health professionals communicate and is useful in research

Question 7

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 7

• global, persistent, chronic, excessive state of apprehension
• often referred to as free-floating anxiety. Because the identified course of apprehension constantly changes or cannot be identified
• physical manifestations include furrowed brow, sweating, twitching, trembling, high BP

Question 8

Panic Disorder

Answer 8

Characterization: unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread

During panic attacks: person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking , or other terrifying sensations

This disorder involves fear of the next attack. Attempts to avoid all situations that might trigger an attack can lead to agoraphobia, the fear of being in panic-triggering situations with inadequate chance of help or escape

Question 9

Agoraphobia

Answer 9

the fear of being in panic-triggering situations with inadequate chance of help or escape

Question 10

Social phobia

Answer 10

intense fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

Question 11

Obsessions

Answer 11

unwanted repetitive thoughts

Question 12

Compulsions

Answer 12

urges to perform certain actions

Question 13

when is a behaviour considered a disorder?

Answer 13

when it brings significant distress or when the time spent on obsessions and/or compulsions interferes with daily life

Question 14

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Answer 14

• haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety and/or insomnia that lingers for longer than four weeks after the traumatic experience
• rises from traumatic experiences

Question 15

Learning perspective

Answer 15

anxiety disorders are a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement of fearful behaviours, and observational learning

Question 16

Biological Perspective

Answer 16

anxiety disorders are explained by natural selection and adaptation, genetic inheritance of high levels of emotional reactivity, and abnormal responses in the brain’s fear circuits (anterior cingulate cortex)

Question 17

Cognition

Answer 17

includes worried thoughts, as well as interruptions, appraisals, beliefs, predictions, and ruminations

includes mental habits such as hyper vigilance (persistently watching out for danger). This accompanies anxiety in PTSD

Question 18

Major depressive disorder

Answer 18

person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms. At least one of which must be either 1) depressed mood 2) loss of interest or pleasure

Question 19

Persistent depressive disorder

Answer 19

person experiences mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms

Question 20

Less common condition of bipolar disorder

Answer 20

person experiences not only depression but also mania - impulsive behaviour

Question 21

Depression Symptoms

Answer 21

• emotional
• cognitive
• behavioural
• physical

Question 22

Emotional Symptoms of depression

Answer 22

• feeling of sadness, hopelessness, guilt, emptiness, or worthlessness
• feeling emotionally disconnected from others
• turning away from other people

Question 23

Cognitive symptoms of depression

Answer 23

• difficulty thinking, concentrating, and remembering
• global negativity and pessimism
• suicidal thoughts or preoccupations with death

Question 24

Behavioural symptoms of depression

Answer 24

• dejected facial expression
• makes less eye contact; eyes downcast
• smiles less often
• slowed movements, speech, and gestures
• tearfulness or spontaneous episodes of crying
• loss if interest or pleasure in usual activities, including sex
• withdrawal from social activities

Question 25

physical symptoms

Answer 25

- changes in appetite resulting in significant weight loss or gain - insomnia, early morning awakening or oversleeping - vague but chronic aches and pains - diminished sexual interest - loss of physical and mental energy - global feelings of anxiety - restlessness, fidgety activity

Question 26

who has more depression, women or men?

Answer 26

women's risk of major depression is nearly double men's

Question 27

How many people commit suicide a year?

Answer 27

1 million

Question 28

Biopolar Disorder

Answer 28

-a person alternating between despondency and lethargy of depression and a state of extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, wild optimism, and rapid thoughts and speech PET scans show that brains energy consumption rises and falls with the patient's emotional switches

Question 29

During Depression (in the brain)

Answer 29

- brain activity slows - left frontal lobe less active - scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 30

Mood disorders (biopsychosocial)

Answer 30

Biological: genetic predispositions, changes in brain chemistry, brain damage due to stress and other factors Psychological influences: negative explanatory style, learned helplessness, gender differences social-cultural influences: traumatic/negative events, cultural expectations, depression-evoked responses

Question 31

Evolutionary perspective on the biology of depression

Answer 31

depression, in its milder, non-disordered form, may have had survival value under stress, depression is social-emotional hibernation. It allows humans to: - conserve energy - avoid conflicts and other risks - let go of unattainable goals - take time to contemplate

Question 32

How to prevent/reduce depression

Answer 32

1. adjust neurotransmitters with medication 2. increase serotonin levels with exercise 3. reduce brain inflammation with a healthy diet (especially olive and fish oils) 4. prevent excessive alcohol use

Question 33

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 33

-parttern of irresponsible or unlawful behaviour violating social norms, absent shame or remorse

Question 34

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 34

- great instability and intensity in personal relationships | - difficulties controlling anger, impulsitivity, self-harm, fear or abandonment and difficulty with emotional control

Question 35

Dissociative disorders

Answer 35

- this category of disorders involves extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and personal identity that impair the ability to function - people who suffer this kind of disorder are "dissociated" or separated from previous memories or feelings

Question 36

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 36

partial or total inability to recall important personal information; causes are psychological (e.g. extreme stress), not neurological (e.g. brain damage)

Question 37

Dissociative fugue

Answer 37

sudden and unexpected travel away from home, forgetting a previous identity and creating a new one

Question 38

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 38

- characterized by memory disruption of personal identify combined with the exhibition of two or more distinct and altering personalities - formerly known as multiple personality disorder - dissociative disorders are thought to be reactions to stress or traumatic experiences but the how and why of the different experiences are known - dissociative identity disorder is extremely controversial. Skeptics point to how DID is localized in time and place, and speculate that it involves role-playing spurred by therapist suggestion. Some sympathetic researchers point to genuine differences in brain activity of the alternate personalities