Chapter 16 - Ergogenic Aids

Question 1

Bicarbonate (effects, benefits, risks)

Answer 1

• Enhances H+ removal from muscles
• Increased blood pH and buffering capacity
• GI discomfort

Question 2

Beta-alanine

Answer 2

• Increased muscle cell carnosine levels
• Increased intracellular buffering
• Paresthesia (tingling)

Question 3

Tart cherry juice

Answer 3

• Perceived reduction of muscle pain

- Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant

Question 4

Caffeine

Answer 4

• Elevated mood, decreased fatigue, faster fat metabolism
• Lower perception of effort, improved energy level
• Addiction, nervousness, insomnia

Question 5

Creatine

Answer 5

• Increases muscle PCr content, enhanced peak power production
• Enhanced performance in high-power exercise, better recovery
• Kidney damage with large doses

Question 6

Nitrate

Answer 6

• Reduced systolic blood pressure, increased delivery of O2 and nutrients to active skeletal muscle
• Improved time to exhaustion
• Some medications affect nitrate metabolism (thus causing negative effects)

Question 7

3 criteria in anti-doping code

Answer 7

• has potential to enhance sport performance
• has potential to harm athlete
• violates the spirit of sport

Question 8

Stimulant effects

Answer 8

• Higher state of arousal
• Decreased fatigue
• Increased HR, BP, blood flow, blood glucose, FFAs

Question 9

Stimulant risks

Answer 9

• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Addiction
• Anxiety, aggression, insomnia

Question 10

Anabolic steroids effects

Answer 10

• Increasing potassium and nitrogen (FFM markers)
• Decrease muscle damage during lifting
• Increase muscle size and strength

Question 11

Anabolic steroid risks

Answer 11

• Excess oestrogen
• Infertility
• Cardiac hypertrophy
• Thrombosis, arrhythmia, hypertension

Question 12

HGH effects

Answer 12

• Enhancement of protein synthesis
• Stimulation of bone growth
• Enhanced healing after injury

Question 13

HGH risks

Answer 13

• Agromegaly
• Enlargement of internal organs
• Cardiomyopathy
• Hypertension
• Diabetes (glucose intolerance)

Question 14

Diuretics benefits

Answer 14

• Dilution of banned substances in urine

- Temporary weight loss

Question 15

Diuretics risks

Answer 15

• Impaired thermoregulation
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Dehydration

Question 16

Beta-blockers benefits

Answer 16

• Decreased HR at all levels

- Enhanced physical steadiness

Question 17

Beta-blockers risks

Answer 17

• Low-blood pressure
• Fatigue, lethargy
• Bronchiospasm in asthmatics

Question 18

Blood-doping benefits

Answer 18

• Enhance oxygen-carrying capacity
• Greater performance in endurance events
• Increased VO2max

Question 19

Blood-doping risks

Answer 19

• Blood becomes very viscous
• Excessive clotting (potentially heart attack)
• Potential blood rejection (if not taken from same athlete)