Chapter 19 Biochemistry

Question 1

biochemistry

Answer 1

study of chemical substances and processes that occur in plants animals and microorganisms

Question 2

cell

Answer 2

smallest structural unit of living organisms that has properties associated w life

-can be an independent living organism or a building block of a more complex organism

Question 3

nucleus

Answer 3

control center of the cell

-contains genetic material

Question 4

4 main chem components of a cell

Answer 4

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 5

cytoplasm

Answer 5

everything in between the nucleus and cell membrane

-contains a number of structures that carry out the cell’s work

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

• primary molecules responsible for short-term energy storage in living organisms
• main structural components of plants
• soluble in water (bc of -OH attachments)
• often (CH2O)n

-aldehydes or ketones

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

a carb that CANNOT be broken down into simpler carbs

• rearrange in aq soln to form ring structures
• simple carbs
• name is usually a prefix(# of C)(-ose)

Question 8

Glucose

Answer 8

a hexose (6-carbon sugar)

Question 9

Disaccharides

Answer 9

• a carb that can be decomposed into 2 simpler carbs
• simple carbs

ex) glucose+fructose=SUCROSE

Question 10

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 10

connects 2 monosaccharides by eliminating water to form a carbon-oxygen-carbon bond called GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE
-link can be broken during digestion

Question 11

Polysaccharides

Answer 11

• long chain-like molecules composed of many monosaccharide units
• complex carbs

Question 12

3 types of Polysaccharides

Answer 12

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Question 13

starch

Answer 13

type of polysaccharide w ALPHA GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE (Oxygen links point down)

Question 14

cellulose

Answer 14

type of polysaccharide w BETA GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE

-stiffer, more rigid bonds (aka FIBER)

Question 15

glycogen

Answer 15

type of polysaccharide that is similar to starch but highly branched

-in animals, glucose is stored in the blood as GLYCOGEN until it is needed

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

• nonsoluble in water
• soluble in NONPOLAR SOLVENTS
• structural component of CELL MEMBRANES

Question 17

types of lipids

Answer 17

1 fatty acids
2 fats
3 oils
4 phospholipids
5 glycolipids
6 steroids

Question 18

simple sugars/carbs

Answer 18

monosaccharides

disaccharides

Question 19

complex carb

Answer 19

polysaccharide

Question 20

alpha linkage

Answer 20

• oxygen atoms joining neighboring glucose units pointing down
• in starch

Question 21

beta linkage

Answer 21

• oxygen atoms are roughly parallel w the planes of the rings but pointing slightly up
• in cellulose

Question 22

Fatty Acids

Answer 22

• type of lipid
• type of carboxylic acid (RCOOH) with long hydrocarbon tails (3-19 carbons)
• nonpolar

Question 23

Triglycerides

Answer 23

• type of lipid
• triesters composed of glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids
• fats and oils are triglycerides
• linked w esters linkage

Question 24

Ester Linkage

Answer 24

• bond that joins glycerol to the 3 fatty acids to form triglycerides
• releases 3 H2O

Question 25

Saturated Fat

Answer 25

- saturated fatty acids in a triglyceride - tends to be solid at room temp ex) lard, animal fats

Question 26

Unsaturated Fat

Answer 26

- unsaturated fatty acids in a triglyceride - oils - liquid at room temp

Question 27

Phospholipids

Answer 27

- glycerol with 2 fatty acids (nonpolar) + 1 phosphate (PO4) (polar) - usually represented with a polar head + 2 nonpolar tails

Question 28

Glycolipids

Answer 28

- glycerol with 2 fatty acid chains + 1 sugar moleculr (like glucose) - usually represented with a polar head + 2 nonpolar tails

Question 29

Steroids

Answer 29

lipids that contain 4-ring structures ex) cholesterol, testosterone, + estrogen

Question 30

Proteins characteristics

Answer 30

- most chem rxn that occur in living organisms are catalyzed/enabled by proteins - structural component of muscle, skin, cartilage, - transports oxygen in the blood, act as antibodies, and functions as hormones to regulate metabolic processes

Question 31

Enzymes

Answer 31

proteins that act as a catalyst

Question 32

Proteins

Answer 32

- polymers of amino acids | - linked w Peptide Bonds

Question 33

Amino Acids

Answer 33

molecules containing an amine group (R3N), carboxylic group (RCOOH), and an R group (side chain)

Question 34

Peptide Bond

Answer 34

links amino acids together to form proteins | -linked by amine end of one amino acid bonding with the carboxylic end of another amino acid

Question 35

Insulin

Answer 35

protein that recognizes muscle cells bc their surface contains receptors

Question 36

4 levels of protein structure analysis

Answer 36

- primary structure - secondary structure - tertiary - quarternary

Question 37

primary structure

Answer 37

-amino acid sequence of a protein

Question 38

secondary structure

Answer 38

-small scale repeating patterns such as the helix or pleated sheet

Question 39

bonds for proteins/amino acids

Answer 39

peptide bonds

Question 40

lipids bonds

Answer 40

ester linkage

Question 41

carb bonds

Answer 41

glycosidic linkage

Question 42

nucleotide bonds

Answer 42

phosphate bonds

Question 43

Nucleic Acid

Answer 43

contains a chem code that specifies the correct amino acid sequences for proteins

Question 44

2 types of Nucleic Acids

Answer 44

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid (found in nucleus of cell, contains -H) RNA ribonucleic acid (found in entire interior of cell, contains -OH)

Question 45

Nucleotides

Answer 45

individual units composing nucleic acid | -composed of phosphate, sugar, and a base

Question 46

DNA base pairs

Answer 46

adenine+thymine | cytosine+guanine

Question 47

RNA base pairs

Answer 47

adenine+uracil | cytosine+guanine

Question 48

codon

Answer 48

-sequence of 3 bases that codes for an amino acid/protein

Question 49

Gene

Answer 49

sequence of codons w DNA molecule that codes for a single protein -contained in a structure called chromosomes

Question 50

Chromosomes

Answer 50

- macromolecule of DNA - found w/in the nucleus of cells - 46 structures in humans that contained genetic makeup

Question 51

general sequence from DNA to proteins

Answer 51

DNA > RNA > protein